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反思：對(duì)比發(fā)達(dá)國家農(nóng)機(jī)化找差距

2018-07-13 15:55:12 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：42392 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀： 還記得去年一則關(guān)于東北農(nóng)民寧愿花10倍價(jià)錢購買進(jìn)口德國犁也不用國產(chǎn)犁的新聞嗎？農(nóng)機(jī)人的神經(jīng)持續(xù)被刺痛至今，引起了沉重的的反思。雖然我國國產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)近年來在多領(lǐng)域取得了成就，但不得不承認(rèn)，國產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)水平與發(fā)達(dá)國家還存在幾十年的差距，我國整體農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化水平也不能和國外相提并論，看以下幾個(gè)國家農(nóng)機(jī)化發(fā)展的相關(guān)介紹，便可知曉。

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 明星企業(yè)】 還記得去年一則關(guān)于東北農(nóng)民寧愿花10倍價(jià)錢購買進(jìn)口德國犁也不用國產(chǎn)犁的新聞嗎？農(nóng)機(jī)人的神經(jīng)持續(xù)被刺痛至今，引起了沉重的的反思。雖然我國國產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)近年來在多領(lǐng)域取得了成就，但不得不承認(rèn)，國產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)水平與發(fā)達(dá)國家還存在幾十年的差距，我國整體農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化水平也不能和國外相提并論，看以下幾個(gè)國家農(nóng)機(jī)化發(fā)展的相關(guān)介紹，便可知曉。
 
　　法國
 
　　法國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)，為世界糧食出口大國之一，農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化水平高，小麥、玉米等谷物生產(chǎn)、畜禽飼養(yǎng)均已實(shí)現(xiàn)了全過程機(jī)械化。糧食作物從整地、播種、中耕、病蟲害防治、收獲、運(yùn)輸、加工、儲(chǔ)存等環(huán)節(jié)均有相適應(yīng)的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械。法國在作物育種機(jī)械和葡萄園機(jī)械方面較發(fā)達(dá)。
 
　　法國作物育種從種床準(zhǔn)備、播種、田間管理、收獲及收獲后清選、分級(jí)、包裝、包衣等有一整套機(jī)械供應(yīng)，特別是種子加工廠，各種設(shè)備配套齊全，自動(dòng)化程度也較高。
 
　　法國的葡萄園機(jī)械，從拖拉機(jī)到配套的栽植、剪枝、整形、施肥、施藥、采收、包裝、運(yùn)輸都有相適應(yīng)的機(jī)械，機(jī)械化作業(yè)達(dá)到了*水平。葡萄采收機(jī)械每年生產(chǎn)量較大，也有較多出口。
 
　　美國
 
　　美國是世界上農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的國家，早在上世紀(jì)40年代就世界各國早實(shí)現(xiàn)了糧食生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化。
 
　　高度機(jī)械化水平，科學(xué)有效的管理，大大提高了農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化有力地促進(jìn)了美國農(nóng)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，也使美國成為世界上農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口大國。
 
　　為了保護(hù)農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境，實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，有效地利用和節(jié)約農(nóng)業(yè)資源，提高農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品商品率，保持農(nóng)業(yè)在上的競爭力，美國特別重視農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展和農(nóng)業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化。美國工業(yè)如機(jī)械、化肥、航空航天等方面為農(nóng)業(yè)提供了大量農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、化肥、農(nóng)用飛機(jī)等先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)資料和裝備，使農(nóng)業(yè)幾十年以來一直成為主要出口產(chǎn)業(yè)。
 
　　德國
 
　　德國耕地面積1197萬公頃，農(nóng)業(yè)人中約占全國總?cè)酥?.6%，農(nóng)業(yè)就業(yè)人數(shù)約200萬人。德國農(nóng)業(yè)以畜牧業(yè)為主、農(nóng)牧結(jié)合。德國農(nóng)場較小，次于法國和美國，但農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化水平也很高，農(nóng)業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)均已實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化。
 
　　德國的農(nóng)機(jī)工業(yè)也很發(fā)達(dá)，每年的出口量約占農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的50%，出口額占西歐各國前列。德國農(nóng)機(jī)產(chǎn)品制造水平高，農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)對(duì)市場需求反映及時(shí)，適應(yīng)能力強(qiáng)，因此在世界上占有較高份額。上述新聞中東北農(nóng)民寧愿花十倍價(jià)錢購買的進(jìn)口犁就出自德國LEMKEN公司。
 
　　英國
 
　　英國的種植業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)均較發(fā)達(dá)，種植業(yè)以小麥、大麥、甜菜、馬鈴薯為主，畜牧業(yè)中牧草種植與青飼種業(yè)也較多。英國的種植業(yè)從種到收均已實(shí)現(xiàn)全過程的高度機(jī)械化。應(yīng)該農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力約占全國總勞動(dòng)力的3%，平均每個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)勞力年生產(chǎn)谷物38t、肉類4t。畜牧業(yè)中肉牛、奶牛飼養(yǎng)也已高度機(jī)械化。如奶牛場從牛的供料、供水、清糞、擠奶及牛奶收集、貯存、運(yùn)輸?shù)雀鳝h(huán)節(jié)均為機(jī)械化作業(yè)。
 
　　英國的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械制造業(yè)也較發(fā)達(dá)，農(nóng)業(yè)裝備以種植業(yè)和畜牧機(jī)械為主，除滿足本國需要外還大量出口。
 
　　澳大利亞
 
　　澳大利亞是一個(gè)人少地多的國家，農(nóng)牧業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)，也是世界上重要的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口國。澳大利亞的重要農(nóng)作物為小麥、甘蔗，其次是大麥、燕麥、棉花、水稻、牧草等。澳大利亞的小麥、水稻、大麥、燕麥、牧草等作物早在1970年左右就實(shí)現(xiàn)了生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化，至今保持著高度機(jī)械化水平。
 
　　甘蔗是澳大利亞的主要農(nóng)作物，甘蔗從農(nóng)田建設(shè)、耕整地、種植、田間管理、收獲運(yùn)輸、裝卸等各環(huán)節(jié)全都使用機(jī)械作業(yè)，機(jī)械化程度超過了90%。
 
　　澳大利亞牧業(yè)也很發(fā)達(dá)，全澳有農(nóng)牧場17.8萬個(gè)，全國耕地4680.6萬公頃，草地4250.6公頃。每年牧草和小麥輪作，圍欄放牧，通過草場改良增加載畜量。牧草從種植到收獲全部使用機(jī)械。
 
　　加拿大
 
　　加拿大也是一個(gè)人少地多，農(nóng)牧并重的發(fā)達(dá)國家。其種植業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)的產(chǎn)值大致相等。加拿大主要農(nóng)作物為小麥、玉米、馬鈴薯，畜牧業(yè)以肉牛、羊、豬為主。加拿大每一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力年均生產(chǎn)的農(nóng)畜產(chǎn)品，糧食高于10萬kg，肉類高于4000kg，牛奶高于1.6萬kg。這么高的農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)機(jī)械的特點(diǎn)是與糧食生產(chǎn)及禽畜飼養(yǎng)高度機(jī)械化分不開的。
 
　　加拿大農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的特點(diǎn)是糧食生產(chǎn)和畜類生產(chǎn)機(jī)械與設(shè)備配備成套性強(qiáng)，田間作業(yè)機(jī)械從拖拉機(jī)到農(nóng)機(jī)具及自走式聯(lián)合收割機(jī)大部分為大功率、寬幅、機(jī)具。這和美國的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化基本相似。
 
　　加拿大在農(nóng)業(yè)上采用夏季休閑水土保持耕作與冬季秋雪管理的機(jī)械化作業(yè)。其耕作技術(shù)正向保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)方向發(fā)展。與美國的免耕法不同的是，加拿大每隔六年左右都將土壤深耕一次。深耕大多采用有壁犁，該犁既可翻動(dòng)表層土壤以可疏松犁底層。
 
　　加拿大的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化水平與美國北部地區(qū)相近，皆屬高水平大規(guī)模機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)。
 
　　結(jié)語
 
　　上述國家基本上都是地廣人稀，多為大型農(nóng)場、大型牧場，這對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)高度機(jī)械化非常有利，并且這些國家國內(nèi)的農(nóng)機(jī)制造業(yè)也同樣發(fā)達(dá)，而我國由于基本國情的限制，人多地少，“一畝三分地”現(xiàn)象突出，再加上國內(nèi)農(nóng)機(jī)裝備水平仍需提升，我國要全面實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化、現(xiàn)代化，能夠與發(fā)達(dá)國家相媲美，著實(shí)還有很長一段路要走。
 
　　本文由中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：農(nóng)資天下、農(nóng)業(yè)趣事，如有侵權(quán)或異議請(qǐng)聯(lián)系我們。

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