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開展時(shí)間: 2025-02-11
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穩(wěn)中向前:我國棉花生產(chǎn)綜合機(jī)械化進(jìn)一步發(fā)展
2018-08-22
17:38:42
來源:中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者:林言 閱讀量:53609
評論
導(dǎo)讀:棉花是重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物之一,我國作為世界上大的棉花生產(chǎn)國和消費(fèi)國,種植面積和生產(chǎn)總量均位居世界。但長期以來,我國棉花生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平一直處于較低水平。
【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 棉花是重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物之一,我國作為世界上大的棉花生產(chǎn)國和消費(fèi)國,種植面積和生產(chǎn)總量均位居世界。但長期以來,我國棉花生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平一直處于較低水平。
回憶較早的80年代,那銀山一樣的棉花,掛著驢糞兜的車隊(duì),成為改革開放農(nóng)民發(fā)家的標(biāo)志。棉花雖然*,但種植起來非常麻煩,從早春下種,到放苗、除草、打叉、掐芯、收花,更別提一遍遍的打農(nóng)藥,以及后的采摘,極其費(fèi)工費(fèi)力。
后來隨著農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)展,雖然棉花機(jī)械化水平有所提高,但田間管理除了耕地、整地和噴藥治蟲可以用機(jī)械或半機(jī)械操作外,其它均需手工操作,生產(chǎn)手段仍然落后,特別是棉花采收時(shí)間長,用工多,生產(chǎn)成本高,應(yīng)有的生產(chǎn)潛力未得到充分發(fā)揮。
我國棉花種植區(qū)域主要在新疆、黃河流域和長江流域。其中黃河流域產(chǎn)區(qū)主要包括河北、安徽、河南、山東等4個(gè)省,河北、山東兩個(gè)代表省份棉花種植面積一度超過2500萬畝,近年來,由于機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)水平提高緩慢,但生產(chǎn)資料和勞動力等生產(chǎn)成本卻持續(xù)上升,效益空間不斷被壓縮,種植面積持續(xù)下滑,2016年兩省棉花種植面積下降到1130萬畝。因此,重點(diǎn)解決棉花機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)薄弱環(huán)節(jié),大力推廣棉花全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)刻不容緩。
現(xiàn)階段制約棉花生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化的主要問題有兩個(gè),一是適合我國國情的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、農(nóng)藝研發(fā)滯后,研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)進(jìn)程緩慢,二是長期以來我國農(nóng)技與農(nóng)機(jī)存在嚴(yán)重的脫節(jié)問題。目前我國大部分產(chǎn)區(qū)棉花種植模式和管理技術(shù)措施遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足以機(jī)械采收為主的全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)的要求。
對此,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部帶頭,各級農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化主管部門高度重視,積極采取措施推動機(jī)采棉發(fā)展。近年來,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部采取加強(qiáng)關(guān)鍵裝備研發(fā)支持、加大購機(jī)補(bǔ)貼力度、強(qiáng)化全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)集成示范等措施,積極推動我國棉花生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化。
早在2012年,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部就對北方棉區(qū)棉花全程機(jī)械化給予國家公益性(農(nóng)業(yè))行業(yè)科技項(xiàng)目支持。國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃將新疆棉區(qū)需要的6行大型采棉機(jī)列入專項(xiàng)研發(fā)內(nèi)容;山東省2015年將棉花機(jī)械化列入農(nóng)機(jī)裝備研發(fā)創(chuàng)新計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目,先后對多個(gè)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行立項(xiàng)補(bǔ)助。經(jīng)過多年努力,目前進(jìn)口采棉機(jī)壟斷市場的局面已有所改變。
同時(shí),中央財(cái)政加大棉花采摘機(jī)支持力度,2012—2017年累計(jì)投入資金3億元補(bǔ)貼購置采棉機(jī),將大型采棉機(jī)單臺補(bǔ)貼額由20萬元提高到60萬元,同時(shí)鼓勵各地開展棉花機(jī)械新產(chǎn)品補(bǔ)貼試點(diǎn),支持引導(dǎo)新產(chǎn)品研發(fā)和推廣應(yīng)用。
另外,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部成立了院士*的、農(nóng)機(jī)推廣人員為主體的棉花生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化專家組,著眼農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)全過程研究推進(jìn)棉花機(jī)械化工作。指導(dǎo)各地以機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)為目標(biāo),將棉花品種、栽培技術(shù)與機(jī)械化技術(shù)有機(jī)融合,產(chǎn)后加工工藝設(shè)備銜接配套,并形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范和操作規(guī)程。
據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部統(tǒng)計(jì),2017年我國棉花耕種收綜合機(jī)械化率已達(dá)到73%,機(jī)采率達(dá)28%。作為我國的主要棉區(qū),新疆棉區(qū)棉花機(jī)采水平更加。2017年新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)棉花機(jī)采率達(dá)80%,比上年增長11個(gè)百分點(diǎn);新疆棉花機(jī)采率達(dá)25%以上,比上年增長4個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。不僅提升了機(jī)械化水平,也提高了棉花單產(chǎn)、品質(zhì)和種植效益,同時(shí)帶動了新疆地方棉花生產(chǎn)發(fā)展,為穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展新疆棉花產(chǎn)業(yè)做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。黃河流域、長江流域棉區(qū)機(jī)采也開始起步并穩(wěn)定發(fā)展。
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