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“茶日”:茶葉故鄉(xiāng)的“尷尬”處境正在加速緩解
2020-05-21
17:31:43
來源:農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者:林言 閱讀量:49541
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導(dǎo)讀:今天,是“茶日”。中國作為茶的故鄉(xiāng)以及茶文化發(fā)祥地,在茶日期間,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部聯(lián)合浙江省政府以及聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織杭州中國茶葉博物館共同舉辦了“茶日”主題活動。活動以“茶和世界,共品共享”為主題,祝賀“茶日”,贊美茶葉的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會和文化價值,表達(dá)促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的良好愿望。
【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 2019年12月,聯(lián)合國大會宣布將每年5月21日確定為“茶日”(International Tea Day),以贊美茶葉的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會和文化價值,促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
今天,是“茶日”。中國作為茶的故鄉(xiāng)以及茶文化發(fā)祥地,在茶日期間,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部聯(lián)合浙江省政府以及聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織杭州中國茶葉博物館共同舉辦了“茶日”主題活動?;顒右?ldquo;茶和世界,共品共享”為主題,祝賀“茶日”,贊美茶葉的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會和文化價值,表達(dá)促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的良好愿望。
茶是世界三大飲品之一。目前,產(chǎn)茶國和地區(qū)已達(dá)60多個,茶葉產(chǎn)量近600萬噸,貿(mào)易量超過200萬噸,飲茶人口超過20億。茶葉作為重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)作物,是很多不發(fā)達(dá)國家數(shù)百萬貧困家庭的主要謀生手段,也是部分貧困國家主要的收入和出口創(chuàng)匯來源,已經(jīng)成為很多國家特別是發(fā)展中國家的農(nóng)業(yè)支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)和農(nóng)民收入的重要來源。因此,“茶日”對振興茶產(chǎn)業(yè)、弘揚(yáng)茶文化有重要意義。
茶葉故鄉(xiāng)的“尷尬”處境
茶在中國有著特殊地位,不僅歷史悠久,中國人的世俗生活和文藝生活也都離不開茶,“柴米油鹽醬醋茶”、“琴棋書畫詩酒茶”,茶的重要性不言而喻。而近年來我國茶產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速,據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計,我國有茶園面積約4400萬畝,茶葉年產(chǎn)量約260萬噸,分別占世界的60%和45%,穩(wěn)居*位。
然而,現(xiàn)今茶產(chǎn)量雖多,茶葉生產(chǎn)過程尤其是在采摘、加工環(huán)節(jié),大部分地區(qū)還在延續(xù)古老的的人工生產(chǎn)方式。由于我國茶園多分布于丘陵山區(qū),地域地形復(fù)雜,機(jī)械化難度大,綜合機(jī)械化作業(yè)水平不足10%,茶園管理與茶葉采摘勞動力成本超過60%,生產(chǎn)效益較低。這給提高茶產(chǎn)業(yè)綜合競爭力和保持可持續(xù)發(fā)展帶來了嚴(yán)重制約。因此要促進(jìn)茶產(chǎn)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展,實現(xiàn)茶葉生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化迫在眉睫。
是時候轉(zhuǎn)型升級了
今年的疫情也對茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化發(fā)出了“呼聲”。受疫情影響,人員流動受阻,人工勞力不到位,這對高度依賴人工的茶葉生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生了很大影響。此次疫情發(fā)生于茶園生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵時期,也是關(guān)乎茶葉品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量的關(guān)鍵時節(jié),涉及建園、耕作、施肥、修剪、植保和采摘等環(huán)節(jié)。據(jù)調(diào)查顯示,今年形成了“疫情倒逼茶產(chǎn)業(yè)加速轉(zhuǎn)型升級”的局面。這種倒逼作用首先會體現(xiàn)在加快茶葉生產(chǎn)方式向全程全面機(jī)械化方向轉(zhuǎn)變。
“茶園全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)、茶葉智能化加工是茶產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展必然趨勢。”農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部南京農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化研究所研究員肖宏儒認(rèn)為,應(yīng)以裝備推廣加快茶產(chǎn)業(yè)機(jī)械化運(yùn)用。一方面,在生產(chǎn)階段,根據(jù)三類茶園(有機(jī)茶園、無公害茶園和普通茶園)對應(yīng)的機(jī)械化作業(yè)模式,實現(xiàn)茶園機(jī)械化耕作、施肥、修剪、植保、采摘的高效機(jī)械化作業(yè)新模式,加快機(jī)器換人的步伐;另一方面,針對茶葉內(nèi)含物成分特點研發(fā)6大茶類自動化生產(chǎn)線,開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品,發(fā)展茶葉機(jī)械化加工新模式,優(yōu)選制茶工藝,建立新產(chǎn)品工藝技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
結(jié)語:愿景是美好的,但現(xiàn)實也是要認(rèn)清的。雖然近年來已經(jīng)有部分地區(qū)的茶園實現(xiàn)了機(jī)械化,此次疫情也起了助推作用,但更多丘陵地區(qū)的小型茶園、小農(nóng)戶等由于受地形、經(jīng)濟(jì)等各方面因素限制,采摘、加工等環(huán)節(jié)仍在堅持人工生產(chǎn)。茶葉生產(chǎn)全面實現(xiàn)機(jī)械化還有很長的路要走。在今天這個“茶日”,茶葉迎來了屬于自己的節(jié)日,我們也期望茶產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)一步繁榮振興、進(jìn)一步走向,茶文化得到更廣闊的認(rèn)可與喜愛。
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