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農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造破解丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)化難題

2021-09-14 17:14:43 來源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 閱讀量：59317 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：由于丘陵山區(qū)的耕地面積占全國(guó)耕地面積的近三分之一，而地塊破碎、面積小等因素長(zhǎng)期制約著農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展水平的提高。加上當(dāng)前農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力短缺導(dǎo)致的拋荒現(xiàn)象突出，因此，進(jìn)行農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造的直接目的便是為了改變丘陵山區(qū)由于缺乏機(jī)耕道路和農(nóng)田細(xì)碎、陡峭不平導(dǎo)致的農(nóng)機(jī)難以田間轉(zhuǎn)移、無法下地、難以作業(yè)或作業(yè)效率低下的現(xiàn)狀，從而使丘陵山區(qū)耕地可以普遍適用高質(zhì)高效的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械，提高農(nóng)業(yè)作業(yè)效率和效益，推動(dòng)當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化水平。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 丘陵山區(qū)是我國(guó)糧油糖和特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的重要生產(chǎn)基地，也是貧困人口的集中地，分布在19個(gè)省區(qū)市的1400多個(gè)縣市區(qū)。其耕地面積、農(nóng)作物播種面積均占全國(guó)的三分之一。長(zhǎng)期以來，受自然條件限制，丘陵山區(qū)地塊零散，地塊不規(guī)則且坡陡坎高，田間缺乏機(jī)耕道路，田塊細(xì)碎、高低不平，導(dǎo)致“牛進(jìn)得去、鐵牛進(jìn)不去”，農(nóng)機(jī)“下田難”“作業(yè)難”，嚴(yán)重制約了我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)全面機(jī)械化水平的提升。
 
　　近年來，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部將丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造作為高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)農(nóng)田建設(shè)的重要內(nèi)容。什么是農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造？即在一定農(nóng)田區(qū)域內(nèi)，采用工程技術(shù)措施，對(duì)零散、異形、坡度較大的田塊進(jìn)行“小并大、短變長(zhǎng)、彎變直、陡變緩”改造，并完善田間道路及配套水系，使得農(nóng)田適宜農(nóng)機(jī)通過和作業(yè)的改造過程。改造后丘陵山區(qū)耕地可以普遍適用高質(zhì)高效的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械，提高農(nóng)業(yè)作業(yè)效率和效益，推動(dòng)當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化水平。
 
　　近年來，我國(guó)農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造已取得一定成效。以重慶為例，重慶市屬于典型的丘陵山區(qū)，全市耕地面積共3677萬畝，其中15°以下1801萬畝，15°一25°1043萬畝，25°以上833萬畝；單塊耕地面積在1畝以下的占80%以上；人均耕地1.16畝，戶均不足5畝，耕地分散在3處以上農(nóng)戶數(shù)占比高達(dá)60%。受制于土地基礎(chǔ)條件，重慶市農(nóng)作物耕種收綜合機(jī)械化率比全國(guó)平均水平低20個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。
 
　　2014年以來，重慶市開展了農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造試驗(yàn)、試點(diǎn)和推廣工作。截至2020年3月底，全市農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造面積達(dá)到58萬畝。農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造助推了當(dāng)?shù)厮尽⒂筒?、馬鈴薯、高粱等主要農(nóng)作物及柑橘、榨菜、花椒、茶葉、牧草、中藥材等特色經(jīng)濟(jì)作物的全面全程機(jī)械化。改造之后的地塊機(jī)器能穿梭自如、目標(biāo)作物機(jī)械操作逮及，一般水田畝均節(jié)本350元、旱地節(jié)本500元以上。2021年開始，重慶市財(cái)政每年拿出2億資金用于農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造。
 
　　此外，山西、湖南、四川等地也紛紛拿出財(cái)政資金用于丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造試點(diǎn)。
 
　　結(jié)語(yǔ)：農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造后，面積增大的地塊也有利于推動(dòng)土地流轉(zhuǎn)，提高耕地利用率，發(fā)展壯大農(nóng)業(yè)適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)；由于丘陵山區(qū)也是貧困人口集中地，對(duì)農(nóng)田進(jìn)行改造也有利于加快補(bǔ)齊農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施短板，推動(dòng)當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，助力鄉(xiāng)村振興。

       部分資料來源：重慶市農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村委員會(huì)、澎湃新聞《農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造可再造4億畝良田》。

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