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農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部蔬菜全程機(jī)械化專家指導(dǎo)組在上海發(fā)布14種典型蔬菜全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)模式和典型案例

2021-11-09 10:36:02 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站經(jīng)作機(jī)械處 閱讀量：16529 評論

導(dǎo)讀：2021年6月4日，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站聯(lián)合農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部南京農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化研究所等相關(guān)科研、鑒定和推廣單位，在上海市開展了蔬菜移栽收獲關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)機(jī)械作業(yè)效果綜合測評，舉辦了蔬菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化推進(jìn)活動(dòng)，現(xiàn)場發(fā)布了蔬菜移栽和收獲機(jī)械作業(yè)效果綜合測評結(jié)果

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】為及時(shí)總結(jié)蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化發(fā)展成效，推進(jìn)蔬菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化，為蔬菜穩(wěn)產(chǎn)保供和產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展提供機(jī)械化技術(shù)支撐，2021年6月4日，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站聯(lián)合農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部南京農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化研究所等相關(guān)科研、鑒定和推廣單位，在上海市開展了蔬菜移栽收獲關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)機(jī)械作業(yè)效果綜合測評，舉辦了蔬菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化推進(jìn)活動(dòng)，現(xiàn)場發(fā)布了蔬菜移栽和收獲機(jī)作業(yè)效果綜合測評結(jié)果，交流了全國主產(chǎn)省份蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化發(fā)展情況，研討了典型蔬菜宜機(jī)化種植模式和全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)推廣實(shí)踐，展演了露地結(jié)球甘藍(lán)和設(shè)施小白菜生產(chǎn)全程作業(yè)機(jī)械等近60臺套機(jī)具。新近成立的農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部蔬菜機(jī)械化專家組總結(jié)發(fā)布了北京露地結(jié)球甘藍(lán)、上海設(shè)施莖葉類蔬菜、江蘇響水西蘭花等14種典型蔬菜全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)模式與典型案例。
 

 

　　目前，我國蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化已由起步轉(zhuǎn)入快速發(fā)展的新階段。在探索蔬菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化解決方案、推進(jìn)蔬菜機(jī)械化發(fā)展方面，各地都取得了一些積極進(jìn)展，制定或發(fā)布了一些區(qū)域性典型蔬菜機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)規(guī)范(標(biāo)準(zhǔn))。但這些規(guī)范或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)還存在蔬菜種類間不呼應(yīng)、生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)間不配套、不同區(qū)域間不統(tǒng)一、各類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間不銜接甚至相矛盾等問題，實(shí)際操作性不強(qiáng)、指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)作用也有限。針對上述問題，此次發(fā)布的14種典型蔬菜全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)模式與典型案例進(jìn)行了一些積極探索，主要特點(diǎn)有：
 
　　1、蔬菜種植宜機(jī)化模式遵循利于優(yōu)質(zhì)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、配套共用、機(jī)具作業(yè)三原則。即在實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)、降低用工成本的同時(shí)，要使蔬菜作物達(dá)到或接近達(dá)到當(dāng)?shù)厝斯ぷ鳂I(yè)的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量。為便于各生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)和生產(chǎn)廠商間的機(jī)具集成配套、不同蔬菜基地和蔬菜種類間的機(jī)具互通共用，要使種植壟距系列化。為便于機(jī)器采收作業(yè)，要規(guī)定種植行距最小值。
 
　　2、借鑒日本經(jīng)驗(yàn)，從典型蔬菜種植模式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化做起。1994年至1999年間，日本農(nóng)林水產(chǎn)省設(shè)立了以經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的學(xué)者、生產(chǎn)者、作物栽培和農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械生產(chǎn)者和使用者為成員的“蔬菜栽培模式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化推進(jìn)會(huì)議”制度，牽頭制定了結(jié)球甘藍(lán)、大白菜、萵苣等11種蔬菜的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化種植模式并予以普及推廣。此次我國發(fā)布的典型模式涉及設(shè)施小白菜和苘蒿等莖葉類、設(shè)施番茄和辣椒等果菜類、結(jié)球甘藍(lán)、西蘭花、韭菜、白蘿卜、胡蘿卜、大蔥、大蒜等9種(類)蔬菜，典型案例來自上海、北京、江蘇、山東、湖北、四川等蔬菜主產(chǎn)(銷)區(qū)，為下一步面上復(fù)制、推廣奠定了良好基礎(chǔ)。
 
　　3、關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)作業(yè)要點(diǎn)、機(jī)具配置方案圖文并茂，操作性強(qiáng)、指導(dǎo)作用大。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、高質(zhì)量的整地是蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化的基礎(chǔ)。典型模式在耕種環(huán)節(jié)用圖例標(biāo)示了壟距、壟寬、行距、株距等定量要求，典型案例機(jī)具配置具有先進(jìn)性、實(shí)用性、可復(fù)制性。
 
　　據(jù)悉，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部特色經(jīng)濟(jì)作物全程機(jī)械化專家指導(dǎo)組蔬菜專業(yè)組由來自國內(nèi)蔬菜機(jī)械化研發(fā)、推廣領(lǐng)域10名農(nóng)機(jī)和農(nóng)藝方面的專家組成，組長由農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部南京農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化研究所陳永生研究員擔(dān)任。此次在征集、整理和發(fā)布典型蔬菜全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)模式與典型案例的過程中，也得到了農(nóng)業(yè)部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站、國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃“蔬菜輕簡化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)裝備集成與應(yīng)用”課題組的指導(dǎo)和幫助。
 

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