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提升油料產(chǎn)能：油菜機械化種植賦能加碼

2022-04-07 11:16:24 來源：農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：21918 評論

導讀：機械化種植可大大提高勞作效率。通常情況下人工種植油菜的效率為0.5畝/天(僅計算播種、收割)，而在種植過程中全面應用機械化設備與技術，則達到6畝/天的高效率，并大大減輕了種植戶的勞作負擔。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關注】我國糧食連續(xù)7年保持在1.3萬億斤以上，糧食供給總量充足，庫存充裕，口糧方面問題不大，但是大豆油料自給率比較低。我國是全球油料生產(chǎn)、消費和貿(mào)易大國，在國內(nèi)油料種植規(guī)模僅次于糧食，進口量在大宗農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中最大。在去年的中央農(nóng)村工作會議中就多次提到了要擴大大豆和油料生產(chǎn)，同時，2022年度中央一號文件也重點提出要加大大豆油料產(chǎn)能提升工程。
 
　　油菜是植物油料的重要來源之一，油菜種植遍及全國，主要分布在長江流域，湖南湖北種植面積較廣，尤其湖北種植面積與產(chǎn)量都居全國榜首。油菜籽的種植面積占全國油料種植面積的40%，產(chǎn)量占全國油料作物產(chǎn)量的30%，居世界首位。
 
　　大規(guī)模種植需要全程機械化得以實現(xiàn)，油菜種植機化主要包括機械化耕整地、機械化種植、機械化開溝、機械化植保、機械化收獲、機械化烘干、機械化秸稈還田等環(huán)節(jié)。相較于傳統(tǒng)油菜種植模式來說，機械化種植可大大提高勞作效率。通常情況下人工種植油菜的效率為0.5畝/天(僅計算播種、收割)，而在種植過程中全面應用機械化設備與技術，則達到6畝/天的高效率，并大大減輕了種植戶的勞作負擔。
 
　　3月30日，甘肅省臨夏州農(nóng)機化技術推廣站聯(lián)合積石山縣農(nóng)機服務中心，在該縣柳溝鄉(xiāng)尕集村舉辦了全州油菜全程機械化生產(chǎn)播種環(huán)節(jié)試驗示范活動，村民們對機械播種贊不絕口。據(jù)了解，今年臨夏州積石山縣共建立農(nóng)業(yè)機械化試驗示范點5個，其中油菜全程機械化種植與收獲試驗示范點2個。目前，擁有農(nóng)業(yè)機械2.3萬臺套，農(nóng)業(yè)機械總動力達到12.46萬千瓦，農(nóng)業(yè)機械化率達到55.17%。農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社達到20個，擁有各類機械300多臺套，從業(yè)人員達到200多人。下一步，積石山縣將以這次試驗示范活動為契機，借鑒全州的先進經(jīng)驗和做法，著力抓好農(nóng)業(yè)機械化試驗示范點建設，加快全縣農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)全程機械化發(fā)展步伐。
 
　　今年，四川著力提高農(nóng)業(yè)機械化率，緩解了用工難題，降低了種糧成本，有效提升了春耕生產(chǎn)的效率。成都勇洪農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)水稻、小麥、油菜、土豆4個品種全程機械化種植。
 
　　據(jù)悉，湖北江陵縣當?shù)夭扇∞r(nóng)機農(nóng)藝深度融合，強化油菜耕種管社會化服務，提升了農(nóng)戶的種植積極性，現(xiàn)在超過80%的冬閑田種上了油菜，全縣2021年秋播完成油菜種植30.04萬畝，比上年增加2.74萬畝。而在另外一個油菜主產(chǎn)區(qū)，四川丹棱縣創(chuàng)新開發(fā)柑橘果園套種模式，目前油菜長勢良好，這里6.6萬畝油菜預計產(chǎn)量將超過8000噸。
 
　　據(jù)中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學院農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟與發(fā)展研究所研究員鐘鈺預測：現(xiàn)在全國每年油菜大體種植超過1億畝，根據(jù)在南方油菜主產(chǎn)區(qū)的調(diào)研，保守估計在江西、湖北、安徽等等這些南方產(chǎn)區(qū)至少有1000萬畝冬閑田可以用來挖掘擴大種植油菜面積。
 
　　近年來政府在對油菜種植區(qū)進行大力的補貼鼓勵種植，現(xiàn)在開始出現(xiàn)部分專業(yè)水稻種植戶利用冬閑田種植油菜，全部是采用機械化作業(yè)，直接一次性旋耕直播。因受油菜生育期問題的影響，其產(chǎn)量非常低。要想利用冬閑田進行三熟制種植，且油菜的種植要使用機械化，需要研究出生育期較短的品種來適應機械化使用的同時又要實現(xiàn)高產(chǎn)。
 
　　注：本文由農(nóng)機網(wǎng)(m.tmpdc.cn)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：民族日報、中國經(jīng)濟報、中國小康網(wǎng)。
 

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