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新形勢(shì)下保障糧食安全之?dāng)U種大豆：為何大豆如此重要？

2022-04-14 16:35:44 來(lái)源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 閱讀量：46084 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：大豆在國(guó)家糧食安全中占有重要地位。我國(guó)是全球大豆第一消費(fèi)國(guó)，每年約消耗一億噸大豆，主要用作食用油、豆制品及動(dòng)物飼料。但我國(guó)大豆自給率不高，不足15%，所以高度依賴進(jìn)口。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 對(duì)于糧食安全問題，上期我們提到，我國(guó)口糧產(chǎn)量及保有量是有保證的，結(jié)構(gòu)性短缺是我國(guó)糧食安全目前的重要問題，如大豆問題。
 
　　大豆在國(guó)家糧食安全中占有重要地位。我國(guó)是全球大豆第一消費(fèi)國(guó)，每年約消耗一億噸大豆，主要用作食用油、豆制品及動(dòng)物飼料。但我國(guó)大豆自給率不高，不足15%，所以高度依賴進(jìn)口。國(guó)家海關(guān)總署數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2021年我國(guó)進(jìn)口大豆9651萬(wàn)噸，占世界大豆總出口量的59.68%，占國(guó)內(nèi)大豆總消費(fèi)量的82.77%。大豆進(jìn)口主要來(lái)自美國(guó)和巴西，2021年進(jìn)口大豆的60%來(lái)自巴西，美國(guó)大豆占33%。
 

 

　　那么為何國(guó)內(nèi)大豆供需缺口如此之大？
 
　　一方面，隨著我國(guó)人民生活水平的提高和養(yǎng)殖業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，大豆的需求量大幅增加。除居民消費(fèi)的大豆食用油及豆制品外，大豆壓榨后的豆粕是動(dòng)物飼料的重要來(lái)源，在動(dòng)物養(yǎng)殖中被廣泛使用。無(wú)論是大豆的直接制品還是喂養(yǎng)豆粕后的畜禽產(chǎn)品，對(duì)大豆的需求都在增長(zhǎng)。大豆成為滿足人民美好生活需要的剛性需求。
 
　　另一方面，國(guó)內(nèi)大豆產(chǎn)量一直不高。種植面積和單產(chǎn)量都非常有限。國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)顯示，1996年我國(guó)大豆播種面積是1.12億畝，2021年增加到1.26億畝。單產(chǎn)量方面，據(jù)了解，大豆的單產(chǎn)僅相當(dāng)于玉米和小麥的三分之一、稻谷的四分之一，糧食主產(chǎn)省沒有發(fā)展大豆生產(chǎn)的內(nèi)生動(dòng)力，也就是和三大主糧相比，種植大豆的收益較低，農(nóng)民不愿意種植大豆。所以多年來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)大豆的總產(chǎn)量一直沒有較大提升。
 
　　當(dāng)前國(guó)際形勢(shì)不斷變化，為保障國(guó)家糧食安全，提高大豆自給率較為緊迫。“十三五”時(shí)期，國(guó)家實(shí)施了大豆振興計(jì)劃；2022年中央一號(hào)文件也明確提出了“大力實(shí)施大豆和油料產(chǎn)能提升工程，在黃淮海、西北、西南地區(qū)推廣玉米大豆帶狀復(fù)合種植；穩(wěn)定玉米、大豆生產(chǎn)者補(bǔ)貼政策；重點(diǎn)支持糧食烘干、履帶式作業(yè)、玉米大豆帶狀復(fù)合種植、油菜籽收獲等農(nóng)機(jī)，推廣大型復(fù)合智能農(nóng)機(jī)”?？梢钥闯觯l(fā)展大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植是黨中央、國(guó)務(wù)院在新形勢(shì)下作出的重大戰(zhàn)略部署，是提高農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力、保障國(guó)家糧食生產(chǎn)安全的重要舉措。
 
　　擴(kuò)種大豆，可以說是今年的政治任務(wù)。如何在不減少其他作物尤其是主糧作物種植面積的情況下增加大豆面積？大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植是很好的解決辦法之一。整體來(lái)說，大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植技術(shù)采用大豆帶與玉米帶間作套種，充分利用高位作物玉米邊行優(yōu)勢(shì)，擴(kuò)大低位作物空間，實(shí)現(xiàn)作物協(xié)同共生、一季雙收、年際間交替輪作，可有效解決玉米、大豆?fàn)幍貑栴}。大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植改單一作物種植為高低作物搭配間作、改等行種植為大小壟種植，充分發(fā)揮邊行優(yōu)勢(shì)，實(shí)現(xiàn)玉米產(chǎn)量基本不減、增收一季大豆，是傳統(tǒng)間套種技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展。該模式集成了品種搭配、擴(kuò)行縮株、營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控、減量施肥、綠色防控、封閉除草、機(jī)播機(jī)收等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，集高效輪作、綠色增收、提質(zhì)增效三位一體，實(shí)現(xiàn)了基礎(chǔ)理論研究、應(yīng)用技術(shù)(機(jī)具)和示范推廣的有機(jī)結(jié)合，為擴(kuò)大大豆種植、提高大豆產(chǎn)能開辟了新的技術(shù)路徑。今年，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部將在全國(guó)16個(gè)省份推廣該模式1500萬(wàn)畝以上。
 
　　此外，為提高農(nóng)民大豆種植積極性，面向大豆主產(chǎn)區(qū)實(shí)施生產(chǎn)者補(bǔ)貼政策是重要舉措。目前部分省份已出臺(tái)了具體的補(bǔ)貼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，如內(nèi)蒙古明確擴(kuò)大玉米大豆生產(chǎn)者補(bǔ)貼差額，提高大豆生產(chǎn)者補(bǔ)貼、降低玉米生產(chǎn)者補(bǔ)貼，擴(kuò)大補(bǔ)貼差額，充分調(diào)動(dòng)農(nóng)民種植大豆積極性，確保完成擴(kuò)種大豆任務(wù)。2022年內(nèi)蒙古從國(guó)家補(bǔ)助額度中再集中調(diào)劑5%的資金，用于支持大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植、油菜生產(chǎn)、重點(diǎn)區(qū)域減肥增糧，各盟市、旗縣不得再進(jìn)行調(diào)劑。2022年對(duì)內(nèi)蒙古下達(dá)的大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植任務(wù)，給予大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植補(bǔ)貼。補(bǔ)貼范圍嚴(yán)格限定在內(nèi)蒙古下達(dá)任務(wù)量范圍內(nèi)，補(bǔ)貼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為150元/畝。同時(shí)，大豆主要種植省份也已將相關(guān)配套機(jī)具納入了農(nóng)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼范圍，進(jìn)一步提升大豆生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平。

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