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寧夏:倒伏玉米機械化收獲減損技術指引
2023-09-19
10:30:37
來源:寧夏農業(yè)機械化技術推廣站 閱讀量:18673
評論
導讀:為有效應對可能發(fā)生的風雨天氣對玉米收獲造成的不利影響,確保秋糧顆粒歸倉,自治區(qū)農業(yè)機械化技術推廣站制定印發(fā)了倒伏玉米機械化收獲減損技術指引。
【農機網 地方農機】當前,寧夏即將進入“三秋”機械化生產關鍵時期,為有效應對可能發(fā)生的風雨天氣對玉米收獲造成的不利影響,確保秋糧顆粒歸倉,自治區(qū)農業(yè)機械化技術推廣站制定印發(fā)了倒伏玉米機械化收獲減損技術指引。
一、選擇適宜收獲方式和機具
機械化收獲作業(yè)前,實地觀察玉米倒伏情況,科學選擇收獲方式和機具。一是收獲倒伏玉米,要提前搶收,籽粒含水量高于25%,宜選用果穗
收獲機;籽粒含水率低于25%,可選用籽粒收獲機。二是收獲倒伏玉米,宜選用割臺長度長、傾角小、分禾器尖能夠貼地作業(yè)的高性能
玉米收獲機。三是收獲倒伏嚴重且植株折斷比率較高或作為青貯飼料的玉米,宜選用具有籽粒破碎功能的地滾刀割臺式青貯玉米收獲機。四是對于有積水或土壤濕度大的地塊,宜選用履帶式或加裝半履帶收獲機,防止陷車。
二、提前檢查和調試機具
由于收獲倒伏玉米難度大,對作業(yè)機具的要求更高,要全面檢查調整好機具,保證收獲機各系統(tǒng)運轉正常。一是經重新拆裝、保養(yǎng)或修理后的玉米收獲機要認真檢查行走、轉向、割臺、輸送、剝皮、脫粒、清選、卸糧等機構的運轉、傳動、間隙情況,并調整到位。二是作業(yè)前,檢查升降系統(tǒng)是否工作正常;檢查有無異常響聲和漏油、漏水情況;檢查割臺、機架等部件有無變形情況。三是發(fā)現(xiàn)問題及時解決,使玉米聯(lián)合收獲機達到最佳工作狀態(tài),預防和減少作業(yè)故障的發(fā)生,提高收獲質量和效率。四是備足備好田間作業(yè)常用工具、零配件、易損零配件等,以便出現(xiàn)故障時能夠及時排除。
三、改裝機具方式
立足收獲倒伏玉米實際需要,對現(xiàn)有收獲機適當改裝,提升收獲效果。一是加長扶禾裝置。在收獲機割臺上加長分禾器尖或加裝倒伏扶禾裝置,增加扶禾作業(yè)行程,適當降低割臺小傾角度數(shù),使倒伏玉米更加平順進入割臺。二是加裝強制喂入裝置。通過加裝輔助
撥禾輪或螺旋扶倒器,增加作物強制喂入功能,使玉米秸稈喂入割臺前盡量扶正,有條件的地區(qū)也可加裝動力撓爪,進一步提高倒伏玉米歸集喂入質量。三是改裝內部功能結構。視情況將鐵膠混合剝皮輥改裝為全膠剝皮輥,提高扒皮效果,防止鐵輥溝槽粘連泥土降低作業(yè)效果;將排雜輥改為浮動狀態(tài),加裝強力風機,將喂入割臺的玉米整株有效排出;調整脫粒滾筒轉速和凹板間隙,避免過度揉搓,防止莖葉中的水分進入玉米籽粒。
四、確定收獲時間
玉米倒伏后應盡早收獲,以免發(fā)生霉變。一是收獲時間要根據(jù)當時的天氣情況、品種特性和栽培條件來確定,合理安排收獲順序,適時搶收。二是收獲時間盡量選擇露水消退后進行收獲,減少莖葉中的水分進入籽粒,防止霉變發(fā)生。三是對于倒伏嚴重且發(fā)生莖折或根折的玉米,符合收獲條件的可及早進行收獲或直接粉碎還田。四是如遇雨季迫近,且品種易折稈的情況,應提前收獲,確保顆粒歸倉。
五、選擇作業(yè)方式
下地前,仔細觀察玉米倒伏程度,針對性地采取作業(yè)方式。一是確定收獲方向。對于倒伏方向與種植行平行的玉米植株宜采取逆向對行收獲方式,并空轉返回,有利于扶起倒伏玉米進行收割;對于倒伏方向不一致的玉米植株宜采取往復對行收獲作業(yè)方式,應避免與種植行垂直方向收獲。二是降低作業(yè)速度。收獲時通過降檔加油門方式勻速作業(yè),使喂入速度與各系統(tǒng)作業(yè)能力相協(xié)調,防止倒伏后玉米籽粒濕度較高和果穗粘連泥土等原因造成堵塞,影響作業(yè)效果加大作業(yè)損失。三是降低割臺高度。視玉米倒伏情況,調整收獲機分禾器尖與地面的距離,盡量扶起倒伏玉米,割臺要及時清理,防止秸稈和泥土在割臺堆積,影響作業(yè)效果和效率。四是調整作業(yè)幅寬。實時控制喂入量,防止喂入量過大,影響收獲質量,增加損失率、破碎率。當玉米行距寬窄不一,可不必滿割幅作業(yè),避免剮蹭相鄰行莖稈,導致植株倒折及果穗掉落,增加損失。五是選用還田裝置。有人工撿拾條件的地區(qū),收獲作業(yè)時可斷開秸稈還田裝置動力或將該裝置提升至最高位置,防止漏收玉米果穗被打碎,方便人工撿拾,減少收獲損失。需要秸稈還田的可利用秸稈粉碎還田機進行再次作業(yè)。
六、科學烘干和收儲
收獲倒伏玉米后,要及時抓好玉米烘干、倉儲,減少損失和霉變。一是采取果穗收獲方式,要及時對收集的果穗進行清選,剔除霉變,果穗應離地儲存,及時通風降水,有條件的可適時脫粒、烘干、倉儲,保證糧食質量。二是采取籽粒收獲方式時,應及時采用連續(xù)式糧食烘干機進行烘干,水分降低后倉儲,以防霉變損失。
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