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春季茶園生產(chǎn)管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-03-18 13:47:57 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司 全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：18790 評論

導(dǎo)讀：茶樹受凍害較輕時，可不予修剪；受凍程度中等時，可將上部受凍枝葉剪除；受凍程度較重時，則需要采用深修剪甚至重修剪重塑樹冠。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】 目前正值春茶生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵時期，為指導(dǎo)各地抓好春茶生產(chǎn)，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司組織全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、國家茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系及農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部茶葉專家指導(dǎo)組，研究提出春季茶園生產(chǎn)管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
　　一、應(yīng)對倒春寒
 
　　（一）防霜凍。關(guān)注當(dāng)?shù)貧庀笮畔?，?dāng)氣溫下降至0℃左右，在成齡茶園的茶樹蓬面，直接覆蓋無紡布、編織袋、多層薄膜或多層遮陽網(wǎng)，高出蓬面20—50厘米的架棚覆蓋效果更好。具備噴灌條件的茶園，融霜前開啟噴灌系統(tǒng)向茶樹噴水，沖掉葉子上的霜，可有效防控凍害。規(guī)?；鑸@建議安裝防霜機(jī)，霜凍來臨時開機(jī)吹風(fēng)，擾動近地空氣，以提高樹體表層溫度，避免或減輕霜害。
 
　　（二）適時修剪。茶樹受凍害較輕時，可不予修剪；受凍程度中等時，可將上部受凍枝葉剪除；受凍程度較重時，則需要采用深修剪甚至重修剪重塑樹冠。
 
　　二、施好催芽肥
 
　　（一）根施催芽肥。春季催芽肥宜在倒春寒后或春茶開采前施用，保證茶樹養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)充足。以速效氮肥為主，可畝施用高氮復(fù)合肥20—30公斤，采用開溝施用，溝深約10厘米，施用后立即覆土。
 
　　（二）施用葉面肥。春季可噴施兩次，一般在春茶新梢萌發(fā)前噴施一次，兩周后再噴一次。噴施宜在晴天上午10點前、下午4點以后或者陰天進(jìn)行。常用葉面肥包括水溶型尿素、氨基酸水溶肥、腐殖酸葉面肥和沼液肥，其中，水溶型尿素類葉面肥可按5%尿素濃度，氨基酸類葉面肥以每畝50毫克有效成分為宜，腐殖酸葉面肥以2%濃度畝用量15公斤噴施，沼液肥以有效氮濃度約2%為宜。
 
　　三、抓好采摘作業(yè)
 
　　（一）及時開采。茶園開采宜早不宜遲，當(dāng)茶樹蓬面有5—10%左右的春梢達(dá)到采摘標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時就要開采。要掌握好采摘周期，達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的及時采。盡量把采摘面上的嫩梢按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采凈，否則會導(dǎo)致春梢老化，不僅影響當(dāng)季茶葉品質(zhì),還會抑制下輪茶的萌發(fā)生長，從而影響茶葉產(chǎn)量。
 
　　（二）分批采摘。在采摘旺期要組織足夠采摘工，每隔3—4天采一批次，前期通過人工手采名優(yōu)茶，后期可采用機(jī)械采茶方式提高采摘效率。
 
　　（三）運(yùn)輸保鮮。鮮葉應(yīng)在4小時內(nèi)運(yùn)到茶葉加工廠，經(jīng)專人驗收后盡快攤放在清潔陰涼的屋內(nèi)。運(yùn)送鮮葉的容器采用透氣性好、清潔的竹編筐，容量以10—20公斤為宜，運(yùn)送途中避免擠壓，減少損傷。如鮮葉不能及時送到加工廠，一定要在干凈通風(fēng)處攤放保鮮，避免日曬雨淋，然后盡快送往加工廠。

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