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倒伏小麥促恢復(fù)減損失技術(shù)意見(jiàn)

2024-05-20 09:32:53 來(lái)源：全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：15995 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：小麥倒伏后，功能葉相互重疊，光合積累減少，一般減產(chǎn)10%—30%，且倒伏時(shí)期越早，對(duì)產(chǎn)量的影響越大。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 農(nóng)諺講，小滿(mǎn)小滿(mǎn)，籽粒漸滿(mǎn)。“小滿(mǎn)”將至，黃淮海主產(chǎn)區(qū)冬小麥大多處于灌漿期至成熟期，是產(chǎn)量形成的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。目前，小麥苗情普遍較好，穗數(shù)充足，奠定了豐產(chǎn)豐收的基礎(chǔ)。但由于今年小麥群體普遍較大，部分地區(qū)春季施肥偏早，加之降水充足，小麥基部節(jié)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)，根系偏少、下扎較淺，又遇上近期大風(fēng)天氣，部分麥田出現(xiàn)倒伏。小麥倒伏后，功能葉相互重疊，光合積累減少，一般減產(chǎn)10%—30%，且倒伏時(shí)期越早，對(duì)產(chǎn)量的影響越大。各地要積極科學(xué)應(yīng)對(duì)，促進(jìn)倒伏小麥恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)，減輕產(chǎn)量損失，做好適時(shí)收獲，全力奪取夏糧豐收。
 
　　（一）水分調(diào)控防倒伏。小麥后期如土壤墑情適宜不必澆水，墑情較差適時(shí)澆水，但要密切關(guān)注天氣變化，切勿在風(fēng)雨天氣前澆水，以防倒伏。南方麥區(qū)要積極應(yīng)對(duì)連陰雨天氣帶來(lái)的不利影響，及時(shí)疏通田內(nèi)外溝系，確保田間無(wú)積水、田面濕度降低，保護(hù)小麥根系，增強(qiáng)抗倒能力。
 
　　（二）及時(shí)補(bǔ)救促恢復(fù)。發(fā)生根倒的小麥，主要是土壤耕層淺薄、播種太淺、露根麥，或由于根系發(fā)育不良、扎根不深，次生根少而細(xì)小等因素造成的，要以防治病害、促恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)為重點(diǎn)，可適當(dāng)噴施殺蟲(chóng)劑、殺菌劑、植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑和磷酸二氫鉀“三劑一肥”，確保倒伏小麥的營(yíng)養(yǎng)供應(yīng)，盡量降低損失。這樣的小麥通常能夠依靠自身恢復(fù)直立，切忌人工扶麥和捆麥，以免破壞攪亂其“倒向”，使小麥莖稈折斷，加速衰亡。發(fā)生莖倒的小麥，主要是氮肥施用過(guò)多、追肥時(shí)期不當(dāng)、群體過(guò)大通風(fēng)透光條件差等，導(dǎo)致基部節(jié)間伸長(zhǎng)過(guò)快造成的；這樣的麥田要組織機(jī)械或人工及時(shí)搶收，減輕災(zāi)害損失。
 
　　（三）適時(shí)收獲減損失。小麥蠟熟末期到完熟期，根據(jù)天氣狀況及時(shí)開(kāi)展機(jī)收作業(yè)，確保顆粒歸倉(cāng)。收獲倒伏小麥時(shí)，應(yīng)適當(dāng)增加風(fēng)量，調(diào)好風(fēng)向和孔篩開(kāi)度，避免糠中裹糧。對(duì)于倒伏嚴(yán)重地塊，做好機(jī)具改裝，通過(guò)加裝扶稈裝置、降低割茬高度等措施，減少機(jī)收損失。及時(shí)攤曬、烘干，防止小麥發(fā)生穗發(fā)芽或霉變。
 
　　(信息來(lái)源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部小麥專(zhuān)家指導(dǎo)組 全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心)

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