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2024年夏花生生產(chǎn)技術(shù)意見

2024-05-30 09:37:19 來源:全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:15265 評論

導讀:針對當前氣象條件和花生生產(chǎn)特點,全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心會同農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部花生專家指導組研究提出2024年夏花生生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 我國夏花生主要分布在黃淮海地區(qū)及長江流域北部,主要包括麥后直播和麥田套種兩類種植模式。針對當前氣象條件和花生生產(chǎn)特點,全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心會同農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部花生專家指導組研究提出2024年夏花生生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見。
 
  輪作倒茬  精細整地
 
  花生連作會產(chǎn)生病蟲害加重等連作障礙,導致產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)下降。提倡花生與玉米、水稻等糧食作物輪作。麥后直播花生要做好麥收后滅茬、深耕細耙等工作,防止麥茬導致花生種子懸空影響出苗;推薦采用播種施肥起壟一體化機械起壟播種。麥套花生和麥收后鐵茬播種的田塊,封壟前要做好滅茬深松,保證土壤的通透性,有利于高產(chǎn)。
 
  精選良種  種子處理
 
  根據(jù)生態(tài)條件、種植模式及市場需求選用優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)、抗病性好、適合機械收獲的中早熟花生品種,因地制宜選用高油酸品種。麥后直播花生宜選用生育期在110天以內(nèi)的早熟品種,麥套花生宜選用生育期在125天以內(nèi)的中早熟品種。做好曬種和分級精選,確保花生種子飽滿、均勻、活力強。根腐病、莖腐病、冠腐病、白絹病危害嚴重的地塊,可采用吡唑醚菌酯+甲基硫菌靈+噻呋酰胺或咯菌腈+精甲霜靈+噻呋酰胺為主要成份的花生種衣劑包衣?;ㄉ料x、蠐螬等發(fā)生嚴重田塊,可采用噻蟲嗪、噻蟲胺為主要成份的種子處理懸浮劑進行拌種。
 
  適時早播  合理密植
 
  麥后直播花生可采用“干播濕出”方法搶時早播,播種時間一般不晚于6月20日;麥套花生一般在麥收前15—20天播種。播種適宜的土壤水分含量為田間最大持水量的70%左右,墑情不足的地塊要造墑播種。麥套花生雙粒播種密度10000—11000穴/畝,單粒精播密度14000—15000株/畝;麥后直播花生雙粒播種密度12000—14000穴/畝,單粒精播密度16000—18000株/畝。播種深度控制在3—5厘米,墑好宜淺,墑差宜深。
 
  科學施肥  適時灌溉
 
  施肥以基肥為主,追肥為輔;追肥應以苗肥為主,花肥、壯果肥為輔;提倡平衡施肥,巧施功能肥。麥套花生結(jié)合中耕每畝追施尿素或復合肥15公斤左右、過磷酸鈣30—50公斤;麥后直播花生整地時施足底肥,一般畝施花生專用肥40—50公斤。視土壤豐缺狀況施用鈣、硫、鋅等中微量元素,針對不同缺素的地塊,每畝可分別施用鈣肥(CaO)8—10公斤、硫肥2—4公斤、鋅肥1—2公斤。有條件地區(qū)可畝加施ARC菌劑3公斤。后期長勢弱的田塊,可噴灑0.2%—0.3%的磷酸二氫鉀等葉面肥,防病防早衰。花針期和結(jié)莢期(7月中下旬至8月中下旬)是花生生長發(fā)育需水的臨界期,遇旱應及時灌溉。同時,保持田間“三溝”相通,排水防漬,減少對產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)影響。
 
  綠色防治  合理控旺
 
  草害防控。播后苗前封閉除草通常選用乙草胺、異丙甲草胺和精異丙甲草胺等藥劑。禾本科雜草發(fā)生嚴重的地塊,花生出苗后噴施精喹禾靈、烯草酮、精吡氟禾草靈;闊葉雜草和禾本科雜草混合發(fā)生較重的地塊,可噴施精喹禾靈+乙羧氟草醚等。蟲害防控。提倡采用殺蟲頻振燈、色板、性誘劑、食誘劑等誘殺害蟲,降低蟲源基數(shù)。在田間病害發(fā)生初期,及時噴施適宜的殺蟲劑、殺菌劑等進行防治??蓢娛┌⒕S菌素防治紅蜘蛛;苗期可噴施噻蟲胺、噻蟲嗪等新煙堿類農(nóng)藥防治薊馬、粉虱、蚜蟲等蟲害;防治棉鈴蟲、斜紋夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、斜紋夜蛾、造橋蟲等,宜在害蟲3齡之前葉面噴施溴氰菊酯、氯蟲苯甲酰胺等。病害防控。葉斑病可選用苯甲·嘧菌酯、烯唑醇等殺菌劑進行葉面噴施;根腐、莖腐和冠腐病可選用四霉素、嘧菌酯等殺菌劑進行苗期噴施,果腐病可在膨果期使用四霉素進行滴灌;白絹病可選用噻呋·戊唑醇、噻呋·吡唑酯、噻呋酰胺、氟酰胺等殺菌劑在苗期、中后期進行基部噴施。合理控旺。花生株高30厘米左右時,對有旺長趨勢的田塊及時噴施烯效唑、調(diào)環(huán)酸鈣等植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑控旺防倒。
 
  適期收獲  安全儲藏
 
  中低產(chǎn)田花生在生長后期及時噴施蕓樂收,預防早衰。若早衰嚴重,應及時收獲,避免發(fā)芽、落果和黃曲霉毒素污染。當大部分花生莢果飽滿成熟(小果品種飽果率75%以上,大果品種飽果率65%以上)或氣溫降至15℃以下時,趁晴好天氣及時收獲并盡快晾曬或烘干干燥。莢果含水量降至10%以下后精選入庫,倉庫應控制貯藏溫濕度條件,防治貯藏害蟲,降低黃曲霉毒素污染發(fā)生風險。為提高花生品質(zhì)品相,應盡量做到分品種專收專儲。
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