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強降雨災后漁業(yè)恢復生產技術措施——汛期水產養(yǎng)殖防災減災技術指引
2024-08-28
10:01:09
來源:農業(yè)農村部 閱讀量:12682
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導讀:汛期強降雨往往伴隨大風,直接造成池塘水位急劇上升,溢塘風險加大,同時將帶來水溫下降、pH驟降、溶氧下降、鹽度下降、養(yǎng)殖動物產生應激反應等問題。
【農機網 科技創(chuàng)新】 汛期強降雨往往伴隨大風,直接造成池塘水位急劇上升,溢塘風險加大,同時將帶來水溫下降、pH驟降、溶氧下降、鹽度下降、養(yǎng)殖動物產生應激反應等問題。如不及時處理,可能會造成池塘圍欄設施、池埂損壞甚至坍塌,建議采取以下措施減緩相關影響。
一、及時采取預防措施
池塘和水庫養(yǎng)殖要注意天氣和水位變化,必要時采取加高堤壩等措施,防止因洪水漫堤造成損失或池外水的流入;網箱養(yǎng)殖要注意預防洪水沖擊造成網箱被沖走、沖垮,可采取加固固定繩索和網箱框架等措施,及時清理浮游生物。開展搶險救災時,特別要注意人身安全,生產人員要配備救生設施,生產過程中不可進行危險操作,遇到危險情況要及時撤離。漲水時要及時將網箱拉到水質好、避風浪、遠離泄洪道的地方;退水時要及時將網箱移離岸邊,防止擱淺;盡可能在泄洪道采取防護措施,如設置攔網等。
二、海水養(yǎng)殖池塘及時排淡,防止雨水倒灌
一是降雨前先將原池水排掉約1/3后立即加到最高水位;二是檢查池塘周圍是否有陸地雨水進入池塘的通道,防止大量雨水進入池塘;三是強降雨時及時打開上層排淡閘板和排淡管道,將表層低鹽度水從上部溢出,保證池水上下層鹽度基本一致,防止因上下層水比重不同造成的池水分層,使上層富氧水不能通過垂直對流傳到底層,導致池底缺氧及氨氮、硫化氫、亞硝酸鹽等有害物質含量增加。
三、及時增氧
正常情況下通過日常換水的方法可基本保證養(yǎng)殖水體溶氧量,但汛期建議采取以下增氧措施。
1. 機械增氧。有
增氧機和微孔增氧設備要及時開機增氧。開機時間一般選在夜間或凌晨,該時段是一天中氣溫最低的時間,此時開機除起增氧作用外,還可降低水溫。另外,可加大池水上下層交換力度,防止池水分層。
2. 化學增氧。嚴重缺氧時還可投化學增氧劑救急。
3. 人工增氧。無機械增氧設備的也可人工搖小舢板船攪動池水,盡量使池水充分活動起來。池水溶解氧要保持在5毫克/升以上,即使在強降雨后的短時間內底層水溶解氧也不能低于3毫克/升。
四、及時修復養(yǎng)殖設施
對于損失輕微的水產養(yǎng)殖區(qū),要對養(yǎng)殖設施、池塘堤壩、稻田養(yǎng)殖田埂等進行全面加固修復;對被淹沒的池塘及稻田養(yǎng)殖區(qū),水位一旦回落,要抓緊搶修養(yǎng)殖設施,為補放苗種做準備。對生產設施毀壞嚴重的養(yǎng)殖水體,首先判斷養(yǎng)殖水體剩余水產品的數量,然后采取相應措施防止剩余養(yǎng)殖水產品的逃逸(如用2~3層攔網攔住養(yǎng)殖設施被毀壞的地方),洪水徹底退去后再進一步修復。對無法修復的要進行捕撈,達到上市規(guī)格的水產品及時上市銷售,不夠上市規(guī)格的轉移到安全池塘或網箱中暫養(yǎng),等水位回落后放養(yǎng),減少受災損失。對于池塘精養(yǎng)區(qū),要及時整修進排水系統(tǒng)。與外河水位差較高的池塘,應回水減少水位差,防止逃魚;其次要及時檢查修補進排水口,防止?jié)B漏,以防養(yǎng)殖品種再次逃逸。
五、適時補放水產苗種
認真做好受災漁業(yè)水域剩余養(yǎng)殖品種調查,科學評估災后養(yǎng)殖水域內現存養(yǎng)殖品種的數量,以便做好消毒免疫、苗種補放和后期的飼養(yǎng)管理。一般可采用拉網檢查,或根據養(yǎng)殖品種對草料、飼料攝食量,估算養(yǎng)殖水域剩余水產品數量。對于養(yǎng)殖量的估算,可根據攝食情況來估算存塘量;每次投飼后2小時檢查攝食情況,以基本吃完、略有剩余為宜,再根據投喂量的3~4%,推算出存塘量。苗種補放根據當地養(yǎng)殖習慣及苗種存量的實際情況靈活選擇品種,可以通過回捕、調劑、秋季繁殖等方式解決苗種問題。在苗種補放過程中,一定要注意水產品苗種的質量問題,杜絕購進病苗、傷苗、弱質苗、假苗,最好由當地漁業(yè)推廣部門的技術人員把好苗種的種質關和補放技術關,以免造成二次損失。
六、防止疫病發(fā)生
及時打撈死魚,迅速進行無害化處理,切忌將死魚隨便亂扔。無害化處理措施包括:深埋、焚燒等,其中以生石灰消毒處理后再深埋1米以上較為常用,具體可參見行業(yè)標準《病死水生動物及病害水生動物產品無害化處理規(guī)程》(SC/T 7015-2022)。強化漁業(yè)公共衛(wèi)生與健康管理的意識,堅持對打撈死魚的工具、器皿、人員進行消毒處理,防止疫病發(fā)生。堅持早晚巡塘,觀察水質變化及養(yǎng)殖對象有無浮頭、發(fā)病等現象,及時處理發(fā)現的問題。同時,因強降雨后的養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境突變,易造成養(yǎng)殖對象產生應激反應,抗病能力降低,要做好科學投飼,提高魚體免疫力。此外,要加大水生動植物疾病測報和水生動物疫病監(jiān)測力度,一旦發(fā)現疫情,應通過規(guī)定程序及時上報,做好應急處置。此外,要提前開展物資儲備,做好養(yǎng)殖設施和房屋加固,避免突發(fā)災害危及人身和財產安全。
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