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2024年甘蔗中后期生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-09-10 08:56:11 來(lái)源：全國(guó)農(nóng)技中心 閱讀量：11519 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會(huì)同全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部糖料專家指導(dǎo)組，研究提出2024年甘蔗中后期生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 當(dāng)前是甘蔗糖分積累和產(chǎn)量形成的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期。為加強(qiáng)甘蔗田間管理和生產(chǎn)指導(dǎo)，實(shí)現(xiàn)甘蔗豐產(chǎn)和蔗農(nóng)增收，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會(huì)同全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部糖料專家指導(dǎo)組，研究提出2024年甘蔗中后期生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
　　加強(qiáng)田間管理
 
　　（一）排澇抗旱。近期，蔗區(qū)出現(xiàn)不同程度連續(xù)降雨天氣，部分蔗區(qū)出現(xiàn)漬澇，影響甘蔗伸長(zhǎng)期生長(zhǎng)。要及時(shí)開展田間排澇，加強(qiáng)蔗地排灌設(shè)施維護(hù)，在四周開挖環(huán)狀排水溝，中間開挖“十”字形、“豐”字形或“井”字形排水溝，將雨水排到蔗地外，降低田間地下水位。蔗區(qū)秋季發(fā)生氣象干旱風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高，在丘陵、坡地等旱地蔗區(qū)，有條件的可開挖引水溝，利用現(xiàn)有的灌溉設(shè)施，做好引水抗旱準(zhǔn)備。
 
　　（二）防風(fēng)抗倒。如遇連續(xù)降雨、大風(fēng)或臺(tái)風(fēng)天氣，容易造成甘蔗倒伏。要及時(shí)扶正蔗株，在甘蔗三分之二高處，用繩子或枯葉將兩行甘蔗捆成“人”字形，或?qū)⑾噜彽膸字旮收崂Τ梢皇?，使其保持直立狀態(tài)。扶正的甘蔗植株恢復(fù)生長(zhǎng)15天后，可解開捆綁物。
 
　　（三）合理追肥。蔗區(qū)如遇持續(xù)降雨，易造成土壤肥力流失，應(yīng)結(jié)合甘蔗長(zhǎng)勢(shì)及時(shí)追肥1次，每畝可施甘蔗配方復(fù)合肥20公斤，或尿素10公斤、磷肥20公斤、鉀肥5公斤，促進(jìn)甘蔗糖分積累和產(chǎn)量形成。結(jié)合追肥及時(shí)進(jìn)行大培土，使蔗根多生、深扎，提高抗倒伏能力。
 
　　（四）剝?nèi)~通風(fēng)。秋季甘蔗生長(zhǎng)快，蔗田易郁蔽，要及時(shí)剝除枯葉，改善蔗田通風(fēng)透光條件，減少養(yǎng)分消耗和病蟲害發(fā)生，提高甘蔗產(chǎn)量和糖分含量。一般每條蔗莖保留9—10片新葉為宜。對(duì)于濕度大、蔗葉茂密、病蟲害較重的蔗田，要多剝?nèi)~并把病葉枯葉帶出蔗田集中燒毀。
 
　　加強(qiáng)病蟲害防控
 
　　甘蔗生長(zhǎng)中后期易遇高溫高濕天氣，雨熱交替易導(dǎo)致病蟲害多發(fā)并發(fā)，影響甘蔗產(chǎn)量、糖分含量和宿根性。要注意進(jìn)行蔗區(qū)巡查，及時(shí)開展病蟲害統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治。主要病蟲害包括梢腐病、褐條病、赤腐病、銹病、薊馬、螟蟲、粘蟲、綿蚜等。病害防治可選用苯醚甲環(huán)唑、嘧菌酯等，螟蟲和粘蟲防治可選用甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽、殺蟲雙、殺蟲單、氯蟲苯甲酰胺等，薊馬和綿蚜防治可選用噻蟲嗪、噻蟲胺或吡蟲啉等。中后期病蟲多存在并發(fā)為害的情況，建議根據(jù)蔗區(qū)巡查發(fā)現(xiàn)的主要病蟲種類，科學(xué)復(fù)配“殺菌劑+殺蟲劑+葉面肥+助劑”，采用無(wú)人機(jī)或高壓噴槍等進(jìn)行統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治作業(yè)，提高防控作業(yè)效率和防治質(zhì)量。
 
　　抓好砍收作業(yè)
 
　　甘蔗收獲應(yīng)以“先熟先收砍，晚熟晚收砍”為原則，先收早熟品種，再收中熟品種，最后收晚熟品種。甘蔗生長(zhǎng)達(dá)到工藝成熟期后再進(jìn)行砍收，砍收過(guò)早會(huì)影響甘蔗品質(zhì)和來(lái)年宿根發(fā)芽，一般11月下旬到12月下旬陸續(xù)開始砍收，有利于宿根蔗芽出土萌發(fā)。應(yīng)選擇晴天砍收甘蔗，具備條件的蔗田提倡采用聯(lián)合機(jī)收或分步式機(jī)收，不具備機(jī)收條件的蔗田人工砍收時(shí)，建議使用鋒利小鋤，砍收要快，使傷口平整，減少蔗樁破裂，提高下年出苗率。甘蔗不宜儲(chǔ)藏，砍收后要及時(shí)送到糖廠進(jìn)行加工，并將蔗田的蔗葉等雜物及時(shí)清理干凈。
 
　　做好甘蔗秋植
 
　　甘蔗秋植是指立秋至立冬期間種植，到次年收獲的一種甘蔗栽培制度，是提高甘蔗單產(chǎn)的重要途徑，也是解決旱地蔗區(qū)冬春少雨干旱、甘蔗下種后出苗率低的有效措施。甘蔗秋植提倡采用高產(chǎn)高糖、宿根性強(qiáng)的甘蔗品種及其脫毒種苗，下種前進(jìn)行土地深耕，施足基肥，下種量每畝5000—6000芽為宜。下種后及時(shí)噴施除草劑對(duì)蔗地進(jìn)行封閉處理。

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