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國外農(nóng)用無人機(jī)發(fā)展有哪些是值得我們借鑒的?

2018-06-13 08:51:43 來源:中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量:36402 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀:無人機(jī)無疑是近年來涌入大眾視野的“熱門”產(chǎn)品,在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域也是如此,用植保無人機(jī)進(jìn)行飛防作業(yè)在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中越來越“吃香”。這種新的植保方式,因其施藥效果好、節(jié)水節(jié)藥能力強(qiáng)、省時(shí)省力效率高等明顯優(yōu)勢深受廣大農(nóng)民歡迎,市場需求極為強(qiáng)勁。

  【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】無人機(jī)無疑是近年來涌入大眾視野的“熱門”產(chǎn)品,在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域也是如此,用植保無人機(jī)進(jìn)行飛防作業(yè)在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中越來越“吃香”。這種新的植保方式,因其施藥效果好、節(jié)水節(jié)藥能力強(qiáng)、省時(shí)省力效率高等明顯優(yōu)勢深受廣大農(nóng)民歡迎,市場需求極為強(qiáng)勁。
 
  在當(dāng)前農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力短缺的情況下,全面推廣無人機(jī)植保,對于推動(dòng)我國農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化意義重大。對此,業(yè)界專家曾建議國家立項(xiàng)研發(fā)農(nóng)用無人機(jī)核心技術(shù),規(guī)范無人機(jī)植保行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。雖然我國是農(nóng)業(yè)大國,農(nóng)用無人機(jī)需求巨大且發(fā)展迅速,但我國并非是發(fā)展較早、體系較成熟的國家。放眼,世界各國的農(nóng)用無人機(jī)發(fā)展情況是怎么樣的?發(fā)達(dá)國家的無人機(jī)行業(yè)有哪些是值得我們借鑒的呢?
 
  美國:國家大力扶植,技術(shù)較為成熟的國家之一
 
  美國是農(nóng)業(yè)航空應(yīng)用技術(shù)較為成熟的國家之一,已形成較完善的農(nóng)業(yè)航空產(chǎn)業(yè)體系,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),美國農(nóng)業(yè)航空對農(nóng)業(yè)的直接貢獻(xiàn)率為15%以上。目前美國有農(nóng)用航空相關(guān)企業(yè)2000多家,年處理40%以上的耕地面積,全美65%的化學(xué)農(nóng)藥采用飛機(jī)作業(yè)完成噴灑,其中水稻施藥作業(yè)100%采用航空作業(yè)方式。
 
  國家大力扶持農(nóng)業(yè)航空產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展是美國農(nóng)業(yè)航空發(fā)達(dá)的重要原因之一。美國從上世紀(jì)70年代就開始研究航空噴施作業(yè)技術(shù)參數(shù)的優(yōu)化模型,美國國會(huì)通過了豁免農(nóng)用飛機(jī)每次起降100美元的機(jī)場使用費(fèi)的議案,2014年白宮的預(yù)算中預(yù)計(jì)繼續(xù)投入73億美元支持該議案,以降低農(nóng)業(yè)航空作業(yè)的成本;在NAAA的推動(dòng)下,自2002年以來已投入約700萬美元用于農(nóng)業(yè)航空技術(shù)研發(fā),參議院已通過議案將繼續(xù)大力支持開發(fā)更、使用成本更低的農(nóng)業(yè)航空相關(guān)技術(shù)。
 
  日本:耕地面積小,對無人機(jī)依賴性大
 
  日本糧食作物以水稻為主,不同于旱地,稻田特殊的環(huán)境使得地面裝備行走困難,加之地形結(jié)構(gòu)原因,無人機(jī)在日本占盡了優(yōu)勢。
 
  日本植保無人機(jī)的研制工作始于上世紀(jì)80年代。到了1991年,日本農(nóng)林水產(chǎn)省出臺(tái)政策,推廣植保無人機(jī)在稻田中的應(yīng)用,植保無人機(jī)在日本迎來了有利的大環(huán)境,大量植保無人機(jī)企業(yè)誕生。據(jù)田聯(lián)網(wǎng)報(bào)道,日本的植保有點(diǎn)類似于我們的統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治協(xié)會(huì),或者是農(nóng)委、政府組織的一些農(nóng)機(jī)協(xié)會(huì),在一個(gè)區(qū)域內(nèi),一定時(shí)間內(nèi)集中噴灑,效率又高,成本又低。而且,在日本農(nóng)民購買無人機(jī)可以享受補(bǔ)貼。
 
  澳大利亞:農(nóng)業(yè)強(qiáng)國,重視農(nóng)業(yè)
 
  澳大利亞地廣人稀,擁有豐富的耕地和草地資源。2013年統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,澳大利亞人均天然草場近20hm2、人均耕地超過2hm2,分別約是中國的4倍和23倍。作為農(nóng)牧業(yè)高度發(fā)達(dá)的國家,澳大利亞早在上世紀(jì)60年代就實(shí)現(xiàn)了農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化,更是早在1947年,已經(jīng)開始將飛機(jī)用于農(nóng)業(yè)噴撒。
 
  在無人機(jī)的使用上,澳大利亞近來有放寬監(jiān)管的趨勢。2016年,澳大利亞民航局修改了原來相對比較嚴(yán)苛的商用無人機(jī)規(guī)定,從9月29日開始,無人機(jī)重量少于2公斤的商業(yè)無人機(jī)操作者只需要無人機(jī)操作員證書(ReOC)并通知民航局。
 
  在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域,當(dāng)?shù)仃P(guān)于無人機(jī)報(bào)道大多是圍繞農(nóng)業(yè)展開。澳大利亞是一個(gè)注重發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)的國家,將無人機(jī)在農(nóng)業(yè)遙感和農(nóng)業(yè)方面已經(jīng)得到認(rèn)可和應(yīng)用。據(jù)悉,澳大利亞全國有30%的農(nóng)業(yè)用地實(shí)現(xiàn)了從耕種、播種到施藥、灌溉等全過程的農(nóng)業(yè)作業(yè)。在這樣的大環(huán)境下,隨著農(nóng)業(yè)的進(jìn)一步推進(jìn),澳大利亞無人機(jī)在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域還有很大的潛在市場。
 
  韓國:市場相對開放,農(nóng)用無人機(jī)前景看好
 
  韓國是一個(gè)多山國家,耕地資源相對緊缺,據(jù)大田農(nóng)社報(bào)道,韓國現(xiàn)有農(nóng)民約420萬,占總?cè)丝诘?%,農(nóng)業(yè)用地面積約為169.8萬公頃,占韓國國土面積的17%,其中三分之二的耕地為水田,主要是種植水稻。
 
  韓國于2003年引進(jìn)直升機(jī)用于農(nóng)業(yè)航空作業(yè),農(nóng)業(yè)航空作業(yè)面積逐年增加,截至2010年,全國共有農(nóng)用直升機(jī)121架,約80%的飛機(jī)歸地方的農(nóng)協(xié)所有。韓國農(nóng)林水產(chǎn)食品部和農(nóng)協(xié)中央會(huì)曾計(jì)劃2013年飛機(jī)數(shù)量增至500架。
 
  相比于其他國家對于無人機(jī)謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度,近年來韓國對于民用無人機(jī)發(fā)展是相對支持的。2013年韓國土交通部表示將投資1995億韓元(約合1.8億美元)重點(diǎn)推進(jìn)民用無人駕駛飛機(jī)的研發(fā)工作。2016年,韓媒報(bào)道稱,韓國政府提出推動(dòng)商用無人機(jī)在貨物運(yùn)輸、山林保護(hù)、海岸監(jiān)控、國土調(diào)查、設(shè)備安檢、通信聯(lián)網(wǎng)、攝影休閑和農(nóng)用支援8個(gè)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用,并決定在2018年前建立無人機(jī)專用機(jī)場。
 
  結(jié)語
 
  無人機(jī)植保作業(yè)與傳統(tǒng)植保作業(yè)相比,具有作業(yè)、環(huán)保、智能化、操作簡單等特點(diǎn),為農(nóng)戶節(jié)省大型機(jī)械和大量人力的成本。綜上所述,農(nóng)業(yè)航空技術(shù)是上述國家農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要組成部分,在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用比重不斷加大。目前國內(nèi)無人機(jī)已經(jīng)得到了快速的發(fā)展和足夠重視,農(nóng)用無人機(jī)發(fā)展也正當(dāng)其時(shí),希望這些國外發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)軐鴥?nèi)無人機(jī)行業(yè)發(fā)展有一定借鑒意義。
 
  本文由中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布,資料來源:宇宸網(wǎng)、環(huán)球網(wǎng),如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。
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