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從 “菜園子”到“菜籃子”：亟需實(shí)現(xiàn)蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化

2018-07-03 08:46:58 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：23967 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：自上世紀(jì)80年代我國實(shí)施“菜籃子”工程以來，蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)得到了長足發(fā)展，目前已是種植業(yè)中僅次于糧食的第二大農(nóng)作物。我國蔬菜生產(chǎn)一直是一項(xiàng)勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，勞動(dòng)力成本占蔬菜生產(chǎn)成本的50%以上。目前，約有60%蔬菜是采用育苗移栽方式種植的，并且，移栽作業(yè)仍以人工為主。采用人工移栽，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大，作業(yè)效率低，難以實(shí)現(xiàn)大面積移栽，從而導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)規(guī)模小，生產(chǎn)效益低下，制約了蔬菜生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展。因此，我國蔬菜生產(chǎn)亟需實(shí)現(xiàn)

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)】 自上世紀(jì)80年代我國實(shí)施“菜籃子”工程以來，蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)得到了長足發(fā)展，目前已是種植業(yè)中僅次于糧食的第二大農(nóng)作物。我國蔬菜生產(chǎn)一直是一項(xiàng)勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，勞動(dòng)力成本占蔬菜生產(chǎn)成本的50%以上。目前，約有60%蔬菜是采用育苗移栽方式種植的，并且，移栽作業(yè)仍以人工為主。采用人工移栽，勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大，作業(yè)效率低，難以實(shí)現(xiàn)大面積移栽，從而導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)規(guī)模小，生產(chǎn)效益低下，制約了蔬菜生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展。因此，我國蔬菜生產(chǎn)亟需實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)。

 

　　北京市：已實(shí)現(xiàn)蔬菜全程機(jī)械化
 
　　日前，在北京市延慶區(qū)廣積屯村的一塊甘藍(lán)菜田上，轟轟地駛過一輛又一輛蔬菜育苗移栽機(jī)。令人驚喜的是，這些機(jī)器不光是有人駕駛，有的還是無人駕駛，依靠著北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)完成了作業(yè)。這些先進(jìn)的移栽作業(yè)機(jī)械，展示北京市已實(shí)現(xiàn)蔬菜全程機(jī)械化作業(yè)。
 
　　據(jù)了解，早在2016年，北京市農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械試驗(yàn)鑒定推廣站就以全市生產(chǎn)面積較大的露地甘藍(lán)為切入點(diǎn)，在全國開展了露地甘藍(lán)生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)集成與規(guī)?；a(chǎn)示范。2017年北京市以露地蔬菜生產(chǎn)為突破口,開展露地蔬菜生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化推進(jìn)行動(dòng)，探索蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化解決方案。與此同時(shí)，開展露地春白菜、西藍(lán)花、生菜、胡蘿卜、馬鈴薯的全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)試驗(yàn)，及露地菜心、油菜花等作物的精量直播試驗(yàn)，探索以耕整地、播種、田間管理、收獲為主要內(nèi)容的機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，拓展露地蔬菜全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)內(nèi)容。
 
　　北京市通過開展露地蔬菜全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的探索，達(dá)到了提高作業(yè)效率和作業(yè)質(zhì)量、降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的效果，為適宜地區(qū)露地蔬菜專業(yè)化、規(guī)?；C(jī)械化生產(chǎn)奠定了基礎(chǔ)，為推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)“機(jī)器換人”提供了技術(shù)裝備支撐，將逐步加快推廣。
 
　　浙江湖州：蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)機(jī)器換人
 
　　旋耕機(jī)、微耕機(jī)輪番上陣，一塊塊農(nóng)田瞬間完成翻耕、起壟，自走式蔬菜移栽機(jī)不一會(huì)兒將兩行蔬菜栽插完畢，無人機(jī)自如地低旋在田地上方噴灑農(nóng)藥……近日，在湖州市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院試驗(yàn)基地召開的全市蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)“機(jī)器換人”現(xiàn)場會(huì)上，來自全國各地11家企業(yè)的30多種農(nóng)用機(jī)上演了一番“機(jī)器大作戰(zhàn)”，令在場觀摩者目不暇接，連連叫好。
 
　　近年來，湖州市蔬菜已成為僅次于糧食作物的第二大農(nóng)作物。但蔬菜品種多、季節(jié)茬口復(fù)雜，蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)機(jī)械化總體水平較低。為加快蔬菜“機(jī)器換人”，市農(nóng)機(jī)推廣站邀請(qǐng)全市蔬菜種植大戶、農(nóng)機(jī)專業(yè)合作社負(fù)責(zé)人現(xiàn)場觀摩蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)農(nóng)機(jī)演示。演示的這些農(nóng)機(jī)，在蔬菜耕作、栽植、施肥、植保、收獲、包裝等各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，均表現(xiàn)出省時(shí)省力、生態(tài)的非凡身手。
 
　　湖州市農(nóng)機(jī)推廣站站長陳楊表示，湖州市將加快引進(jìn)推廣蔬菜生產(chǎn)各環(huán)節(jié)所需的機(jī)械裝備，推進(jìn)蔬菜生產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝融合，加快培育新型農(nóng)機(jī)社會(huì)化服務(wù)主體，提高全市蔬菜生產(chǎn)“機(jī)器換人”的水平。
 
　　江蘇南京：開展農(nóng)業(yè)示范區(qū)著力推進(jìn)蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化
 
　　為推進(jìn)南京市設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)“機(jī)器換人”工程實(shí)施，促進(jìn)全市設(shè)施蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平提升，從3月起南京市農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械技術(shù)推廣站聯(lián)合相關(guān)單位在江寧谷里現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)示范區(qū)開展設(shè)施蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范。
 
　　谷里現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)示范區(qū)共有土地面積2萬余畝，蔬菜生產(chǎn)面積在1萬畝以上。近年來，園區(qū)設(shè)施蔬菜生產(chǎn)得到省、市、區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)主管部門及谷里街道黨委政府的高度重視，機(jī)械化水平快速提升。近三年，園區(qū)依托各類項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施共投入300多萬元，引進(jìn)各類蔬菜生產(chǎn)加工機(jī)械設(shè)備30多臺(tái)套(包括前茬處理機(jī)、撒肥機(jī)、耕整機(jī)、起壟機(jī)、直播機(jī)、節(jié)水灌溉設(shè)備、植保機(jī)、開溝培土機(jī)、收獲機(jī)、搬運(yùn)機(jī)、整理機(jī)、打捆機(jī)以及蔬菜育苗播種流水線、激光平地機(jī)、去石機(jī)、深耕機(jī)等機(jī)械設(shè)備)，專門成立了蔬菜機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)作業(yè)服務(wù)隊(duì)，推進(jìn)蔬菜機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)取得明顯成效。
 
　　結(jié)語
 
　　蔬菜機(jī)械不僅是勞動(dòng)力的替代，也是作業(yè)精細(xì)，大幅度提高生產(chǎn)效率和綠色環(huán)保、生態(tài)友好的代名詞；蔬菜生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化，有利于提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和土地產(chǎn)出率，促進(jìn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化、區(qū)域化發(fā)展；同時(shí)對(duì)于利用資源、抗御自然災(zāi)害、推廣現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)、促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)集約經(jīng)營、增加單產(chǎn)與總產(chǎn)、提高農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、降低農(nóng)產(chǎn)品成本，以及對(duì)于減輕農(nóng)民勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和縮小工農(nóng)差別，都有著重大的作用。
 
　　本文由中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：農(nóng)機(jī)化導(dǎo)報(bào)、湖州日?qǐng)?bào)、南京市政府網(wǎng)站，如有侵權(quán)或異議請(qǐng)聯(lián)系我們。

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