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保護(hù)性耕作被納入到頂層設(shè)計(jì),如何運(yùn)用機(jī)械化手段?

2020-03-20 16:46:54 來源:農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者:四夕 閱讀量:44215 評論

導(dǎo)讀:從國家層面制定行動(dòng)計(jì)劃,將東北地區(qū)推行保護(hù)性耕作上升為國家行動(dòng),保護(hù)性耕作真正被納入到頂層設(shè)計(jì)制定中。在上期文章《春耕備耕熱潮到來,保護(hù)性耕作這一可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)蔚然成風(fēng)》中我們簡單介紹了保護(hù)性耕作這一可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù),今天我們繼續(xù)來談?wù)勂錂C(jī)械化發(fā)展方向。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】當(dāng)前,東北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作被提升到國家農(nóng)業(yè)戰(zhàn)略層面,黑龍江省將保護(hù)性耕作重點(diǎn)放在解決機(jī)械化秸稈還田耕種上,在全省快速形成保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)推廣勢頭?!稏|北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作國家行動(dòng)計(jì)劃(2020—2025年)》更是提出力爭到2025年,保護(hù)性耕作實(shí)施面積達(dá)到1.4億畝,占東北地區(qū)適宜區(qū)域耕地總面積的70%左右,形成較為完善的保護(hù)性耕作政策支持體系、技術(shù)裝備體系和推廣應(yīng)用體系。
 
  從國家層面制定行動(dòng)計(jì)劃,將東北地區(qū)推行保護(hù)性耕作上升為國家行動(dòng),保護(hù)性耕作真正被納入到頂層設(shè)計(jì)制定中。在上期文章《春耕備耕熱潮到來,保護(hù)性耕作這一可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)蔚然成風(fēng)》中我們簡單介紹了保護(hù)性耕作這一可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù),今天我們繼續(xù)來談?wù)勂錂C(jī)械化發(fā)展方向。
 
  保護(hù)性耕作的核心技術(shù)包括少耕、免耕、緩坡地等高耕作、溝壟耕作、殘茬覆蓋耕作、秸稈覆蓋等農(nóng)田土壤表面耕作技術(shù)及其配套的專用機(jī)具,因此,如何運(yùn)用機(jī)械化手段解決東北黑土地保護(hù)問題正是我們所值得思考的。
 
  “不管黑貓白貓,能捉老鼠的就是好貓。”
 
  “不管黑貓白貓,能捉老鼠的就是好貓。”農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械同樣如此,機(jī)械沒有好惡,終使用結(jié)果如何決定權(quán)還是捏在我們?nèi)祟愂稚稀?br /> 
  隨著農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械作業(yè)逐漸普及,大量農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)備在田間地頭出現(xiàn),對農(nóng)田土壤的碾壓難免造成土壤形成機(jī)械性壓實(shí),直接導(dǎo)致土壤自身密度增加、空隙減少、整體結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,嚴(yán)重的還會(huì)導(dǎo)致土壤自身養(yǎng)分的成效降低,不利于農(nóng)作物生長。而一些達(dá)到報(bào)廢標(biāo)準(zhǔn)卻仍在使用的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械存在農(nóng)用油料“泄露、跑、散”的問題,其燃燒后超標(biāo)準(zhǔn)廢氣的排放,均會(huì)對水源和土壤環(huán)境造成污染。
 
  以集成秸稈還田覆蓋、少免耕精量播種、高效植保和深松等技術(shù)為核心的保護(hù)性耕作機(jī)械卻恰恰相反。
 
  它們在一定程度上減少了對土壤的耕作次數(shù)或耕作面積,避免了大面積翻耕、旋耕后土壤水分散發(fā)和風(fēng)蝕的發(fā)生,降低了土壤侵蝕;而作物根茬、秸稈以及綠色植被覆蓋又能有效地減少地表裸露,降低土壤水分蒸發(fā)和水土流失,提高土壤蓄水保墑能力同時(shí)改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu);秸稈、殘茬覆蓋及配套水肥調(diào)控技術(shù),能夠及時(shí)減少傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)在處理作物秸稈時(shí)采用焚燒的辦法造成的大氣污染,同時(shí)也減少火災(zāi)的發(fā)生,降低化肥、農(nóng)藥用量過大對地下水和土壤的污染。
 
  保護(hù)性耕作工藝體系:抗旱增收和保水保土
 
  我們此前就曾談到過保護(hù)性耕作是通過少耕、免耕、地表微地形改造技術(shù)及地表覆蓋、合理種植等綜合配套措施,從而減少農(nóng)田土壤侵蝕,保護(hù)農(nóng)田生態(tài)環(huán)境,并獲得生態(tài)效益、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益及社會(huì)效益協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。其在蓄水保墑、培肥地力、節(jié)本增效、減少農(nóng)田土壤侵蝕和保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境等方面具有顯著成效,因此,保護(hù)性耕作工藝體系的制訂也要以實(shí)現(xiàn)抗旱增收和保水保土為目標(biāo),以秸稈根茬覆蓋、免耕播種為核心。
 
  在上期文章發(fā)布后,有網(wǎng)友留言:“犁翻易打破土壤犁底層,還容易改變田園表面平整度,反而增加了耕作次數(shù),催生了耕作成本,偏離科學(xué)合理選擇。”那么,打破土壤犁底層到底是利是弊呢?
 
  據(jù)介紹,農(nóng)田犁底層一般在土壤表層以下20至25厘米處,層厚6至12厘米。對耕作土壤來說,具有不太厚的犁底層對保持養(yǎng)分,保存水分還是非常有益的。但是由于長年施用化肥農(nóng)藥,多數(shù)農(nóng)田土層板結(jié)堅(jiān)硬致使犁底層過厚且堅(jiān)實(shí),不僅嚴(yán)重影響到土壤透水、透氣性能,對物質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)移和能量的傳遞、作物根系下伸都非常不利。因此,才需要深松整地機(jī)械打破堅(jiān)硬的犁底層,增加耕作層厚度,提高土壤通透性,從而增強(qiáng)土壤蓄水保墑和抗旱防澇能力。
 
  值得注意的是,保護(hù)性耕作還需要盡可能地減少機(jī)械作業(yè),而深松整地聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)可一次能完成滅茬、深松、碎土及鎮(zhèn)壓等聯(lián)合作業(yè)。此外,為減少對土壤的耕翻作業(yè),休閑期,應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量減少動(dòng)土,好免耕;播種期,選用適用的免耕播種機(jī)則是保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)示范推廣的重要一環(huán)。作物收獲后,還需要注意留根茬及秸稈還田覆蓋,以根茬固土,秸稈覆蓋能夠減少風(fēng)蝕和土壤水分的蒸發(fā)。
 
  小結(jié):只有當(dāng)我們了解了保護(hù)性耕作工藝體系的制訂原則,才能夠選用更加合適的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械,運(yùn)用機(jī)械化手段解決土地保護(hù)問題。
 
  那么,有哪些利器能夠有效減輕土壤風(fēng)蝕水蝕、增加土壤肥力和保墑抗旱能力、提高農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益呢?秸稈粉碎還田機(jī)、免耕播種機(jī)、深松整地聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)……詳情請繼續(xù)關(guān)注農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)。
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