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2021年水稻抗災(zāi)奪豐收技術(shù)意見

2021-07-30 09:39:24 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部 閱讀量：16248 評論

導(dǎo)讀：當(dāng)前正值主汛期，南方早稻進入灌漿期，東北水稻處于返青分蘗期，長江中下游、西南中稻處于分蘗拔節(jié)期，是水稻田間管理的關(guān)鍵時期。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】 當(dāng)前正值主汛期，南方早稻進入灌漿期，東北水稻處于返青分蘗期，長江中下游、西南中稻處于分蘗拔節(jié)期，是水稻田間管理的關(guān)鍵時期。6月中旬以來，東北大部地區(qū)、江漢江淮、江南華南和西南部分地區(qū)降水較常年同期偏多5—8成，部分地區(qū)偏多2倍以上。據(jù)氣象部門預(yù)測，未來一段時間，南方大部地區(qū)降雨仍然偏多，有可能發(fā)生洪澇災(zāi)害;部分地區(qū)有可能出現(xiàn)高溫?zé)岷?。根?jù)當(dāng)前水稻生產(chǎn)形勢，為科學(xué)應(yīng)對不利天氣條件，制定2021年水稻抗災(zāi)奪豐收技術(shù)意見。
 
　　一、雙季早稻
 
　　當(dāng)前，長江中下游、華南地區(qū)早稻陸續(xù)進入灌漿結(jié)實期，長勢總體較好。長江中下游部分地區(qū)早稻受“倒春寒”影響，播期推遲，群體不足。華南部分地區(qū)早稻受干旱影響，苗情長勢偏弱。
 
　　一是防洪排澇。疏通圍溝和排水溝，確保排水通暢，提早應(yīng)對洪澇災(zāi)害。對受淹田塊，盡快排水露田，恢復(fù)根系生長活力，防止倒伏;利用清水清除稻株上的泥漿雜物，促進葉片功能恢復(fù)。對受淹較重、抽穗期葉片發(fā)黃早衰的田塊，補施粒肥，一般畝施尿素1—2公斤或噴施葉面肥1—2次，促進籽粒灌漿結(jié)實。
 
　　二是應(yīng)對高溫。采取葉面噴施3%過磷酸鈣溶液或0.2%磷酸二氫鉀溶液的方式，增強水稻植株對高溫的抗性，防止早衰，有效減輕高溫?zé)岷τ绊?。對高溫?zé)岷σ装l(fā)區(qū)域，后期應(yīng)間歇灌溉，養(yǎng)根保葉，提高結(jié)實率和千粒重。切忌斷水過早，防止早衰和高溫逼熟。
 
　　三是病蟲防控。高溫高濕易導(dǎo)致病蟲害加重發(fā)生。要做好水稻“兩遷”害蟲、螟蟲、稻瘟病、紋枯病等病蟲害監(jiān)測預(yù)警，推行專業(yè)化統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治，提高防治效果，促進農(nóng)藥減量增效。
 
　　四是適時收獲。提早做好物資和技術(shù)準(zhǔn)備，適時搶晴收獲。一般在齊穗后25天左右、全穗失去綠色、穎殼90%變黃時收獲，防止“割青”和“過熟”。有條件的地方采用集中烘干，避免稻谷霉變，確保顆粒歸倉。
 
　　二、一季稻
 
　　當(dāng)前，東北地區(qū)一季稻大部分處于返青分蘗期，長江中下游、西南地區(qū)中稻大部分處于分蘗拔節(jié)期，生育進程總體正常，苗情長勢較好。
 
　　一是水分調(diào)控。東北地區(qū)水稻分蘗期水層管理以淺為主，一般保持5厘米左右水層;對低洼和排水不良的地塊，堅持淺濕管理，防止長期積水;低溫來臨前田間深灌20厘米水層，低溫過后及時排水，防范障礙性冷害。長江中下游地區(qū)對受淹田塊，及時分次排水，結(jié)合洗苗輕露田，補追速效氮肥，打藥防止病害蔓延。西南地區(qū)提前做好水利設(shè)施維護和提灌機具等物資準(zhǔn)備，提高防旱抗旱能力。
 
　　二是肥料運籌。東北地區(qū)因苗酌情施用氮肥促蘗增粒;對部分遭受低溫冷害的地塊，補施一次肥料，并適當(dāng)增加鉀肥。長江中下游地區(qū)、西南地區(qū)看苗追施穗粒肥，對前期生長差的地塊增施穗肥;對前期陰雨寡照或曬田不到位的地塊，畝用磷酸二氫鉀1公斤、兌水50公斤噴施葉面，增強稻株抗倒性，促進安全成熟。
 
　　三是病蟲防控。東北地區(qū)重點加強螟蟲、稻瘟病、穗腐病、稻曲病等病蟲害防控。長江中下游地區(qū)、西南地區(qū)要強化抽穗期前后稻縱卷葉螟、稻飛虱、螟蟲及稻瘟病、紋枯病和稻曲病等重大病蟲防控，稻曲病第一次預(yù)防用藥提前到破口前10天左右。
 
　　四是防范高溫。西南地區(qū)對部分已進入孕穗至抽穗期的早茬口一季稻，如遇35℃以上高溫將影響幼穗分化、揚花授粉和結(jié)實率，可采取深水灌溉，以水調(diào)溫，葉面噴施磷鉀肥等措施緩解或減輕危害。對受旱稻田，充分利用各種水源及時補水，促進生長發(fā)育。
 
　　三、雙季晚稻
 
　　當(dāng)前，南方雙季晚稻處于育秧期。江西、湖南部分地區(qū)早稻生育進程推遲，可能導(dǎo)致晚稻移栽期延后，后期遭遇“寒露風(fēng)”風(fēng)險加大。
 
　　一是提高播種質(zhì)量。合理確定播種時間，因地制宜采用缽苗機插、濕潤稀播壯秧移栽和塑盤育秧拋栽等方式，降低后期遭遇“寒露風(fēng)”風(fēng)險。加強秧田管理，著力培育壯秧和適期移栽，確保栽足栽好。
 
　　二是防范洪澇災(zāi)害。秧田期如遇暴雨洪澇，要及時搶排積水，適當(dāng)保持淺水層，防止雨后升溫過快造成秧苗青枯死苗。對受強降雨天氣影響、秧苗被大水沖亂的拋秧地塊，要及時移密補稀。對因降水沖毀秧苗不能及時栽插的地塊，應(yīng)盡快改種雜糧雜豆、薯類等旱糧作物，防止撂荒。
 
　　三是確保適期移栽。對早稻晚收、茬口推遲的地塊，采用適度干旱、化控等措施，減輕秧苗過高及秧齡過長造成的不利影響;施好“送嫁肥”，打好“送嫁藥”，促進秧苗栽插后早發(fā);搶時栽插，以密補遲，插足基本苗，防止分蘗減少帶來穗數(shù)不足;移栽后15天內(nèi)田間保持淺水層促分蘗，拋秧田要采取淺水促立苗，立苗后實行濕潤管理，間隙露田，促進分蘗和根系發(fā)育。
 
　　四是加強病蟲防控。密切關(guān)注水稻病蟲害發(fā)生動態(tài)，重點防治稻飛虱、稻縱卷葉螟、螟蟲、稻瘟病、紋枯病、稻曲病、穗腐病等病蟲害，選用對口藥劑，適時開展應(yīng)急防治，提高防治效果。
 
　　(來源： 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部水稻專家指導(dǎo)組 全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心)

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