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黃淮海麥玉兩熟區(qū)秸稈全量還田保護性耕作全程機械化生產(chǎn)模式

2023-01-17 09:46:06 來源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)機化總站 閱讀量:20661 評論

導(dǎo)讀:近年來,保護性耕作技術(shù)在黃淮海麥玉兩熟區(qū)得到了較快的發(fā)展。

  黃淮海麥玉兩熟區(qū)秸稈全量還田保護性耕作全程機械化生產(chǎn)模式
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機械化管理司
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機械化總站
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機械化專家指導(dǎo)組
 
  一、模式概述
 
  本模式適用于我國黃淮海麥玉兩熟區(qū)。該區(qū)域?qū)倥瘻貛Ъ撅L(fēng)氣候類型,氣候溫和,雨量比較適宜,除部分為丘陵地區(qū)外,多為沖積平原,地勢平坦,是我國的主要產(chǎn)糧區(qū),農(nóng)業(yè)機械保有量大,機械化水平高。近年來,保護性耕作技術(shù)在黃淮海麥玉兩熟區(qū)得到了較快的發(fā)展。
 
  本模式從小麥和玉米品種類型、耕作模式、種植規(guī)模、機械化生產(chǎn)等方面規(guī)范標準化作業(yè),以玉米秸稈全量還田、深松、播種、田間管理、收獲、烘干為重點作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié),提出麥玉兩熟區(qū)玉米秸稈全量還田保護性耕作全程機械化工藝路線、技術(shù)要點、機具配套方案等,形成較完備的機械化工藝流程和裝備體系,推進黃淮海麥玉兩熟區(qū)保護性耕作條件下小麥和玉米生產(chǎn)的標準化和規(guī)?;?。
 
  本模式目的在于,通過農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝融合和機械化技術(shù)集成,加快推廣應(yīng)用以秸稈全量還田為核心技術(shù)的保護性耕作技術(shù),有效提高農(nóng)機作業(yè)質(zhì)量和效率,簡化作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)、減少能源消耗、降低投入成本、增加生產(chǎn)效益,推動農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)量水而行、綠色發(fā)展,鞏固黃河流域?qū)ΡU蠂壹Z食安全的重要作用,穩(wěn)定種植面積,提升糧食產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。
 
  二、技術(shù)路線
 
  前茬玉米聯(lián)合收獲作業(yè)后,將秸稈粉碎并全量還田覆蓋地表,根據(jù)土壤情況進行深松后,在秸稈均勻覆蓋的耕地上進行小麥免少耕播種;播后適時進行田間管理;小麥成熟后進行聯(lián)合收獲、秸稈粉碎還田與烘干;之后進行玉米免耕播種;適時進行田間管理;最后進行玉米聯(lián)合收獲與烘干。

 

       三、關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)技術(shù)要點
 
  (一)品種類型
 
  小麥和玉米均應(yīng)選擇適宜本地特點的品種。小麥種子質(zhì)量應(yīng)達到國家標準,要求純度≥99%、凈度≥98%、發(fā)芽率≥85%、水分≤13%。玉米品種應(yīng)具備耐密、抗倒伏、降水快、穗位一致性好、秸稈硬挺、籽粒為硬粒型、收獲時籽粒不易破碎等特點,玉米種子需進行精選處理,純度、凈度98%以上,發(fā)芽率95%以上。
 
  (二)種子處理
 
  播種前,種子應(yīng)根據(jù)當?shù)夭∠x害發(fā)生情況選擇高效安全的殺菌劑、殺蟲劑,采用包衣機、拌種機進行種子機械包衣或拌種。
 
  (三)玉米秸稈全量還田
 
  前茬玉米收獲后,應(yīng)進行秸稈全量粉碎還田,適宜作業(yè)的土壤含水率10%—20%、玉米根茬含水率<25%;粉碎還田后,秸稈長度≤10cm、秸稈拋撒不均勻率≤20%、碎茬深度≥80mm、根茬粉碎率≥90%、碎土率≥90%。
 
  (四)土壤深松
 
  深松作業(yè)宜根據(jù)土壤情況適時開展,適宜作業(yè)的土壤含水率15%—25%;深松深度≥25cm并打破犁底層,穩(wěn)定性≥80%、土壤膨松度≥40%,無漏松和重松;深松后應(yīng)適度鎮(zhèn)壓,裂溝應(yīng)合墑抹平,達到地表平整。采用鑿(鏟)式深松機,相鄰兩鏟間距應(yīng)不大于2.5倍深松深度。
 
  (五)小麥免少耕施肥播種
 
  使用小麥帶狀粉碎免耕施肥播種機或帶狀少耕施肥播種機,一次性完成施肥、播種、鎮(zhèn)壓等作業(yè)。作業(yè)地塊的土壤含水率為12%—20%,土壤堅實度、肥力、有效耕層等條件適宜免少耕播種施肥作業(yè)。作業(yè)時,應(yīng)將基肥深施,不能施撒地表。種肥間距≥5cm,播深1—3cm,施肥深度10cm左右;應(yīng)下種均勻,無漏播、重播,覆土均勻嚴密,播后鎮(zhèn)壓效果良好。
 
  1.帶狀粉碎免耕施肥播種機。帶狀粉碎免耕施肥播種機具有苗帶秸稈粉碎、開溝、防纏繞等部件和相應(yīng)功能,整機僅有開溝器入土,屬免耕作業(yè);在玉米秸稈全量還田條件下,配置于開溝器之間的粉碎刀能主動粉碎擁堵的玉米秸稈,使機具在規(guī)定的作業(yè)速度時,不發(fā)生重度堵塞;斷條率≤2%。
 
  2.帶狀少耕施肥播種機。帶狀少耕施肥播種機具有條帶開溝、碎土、破茬、切草、鎮(zhèn)壓及防纏繞等部件,具有播種行土壤耕作、行間免耕功能,可根據(jù)不同的土壤狀況和殘茬覆蓋選用旋耕刀、圓盤刀等適宜的耕作部件。在玉米秸稈全量還田條件下,機具在規(guī)定的作業(yè)速度時,不應(yīng)發(fā)生重度堵塞;整機動土率≤40%、斷條率≤2%。
 
  (六)小麥田間管理
 
  選用噴桿式噴霧機或植保無人駕駛航空器施藥作業(yè),在小麥生長期噴施除草劑和殺蟲劑,防治病蟲草害。在有灌溉條件的地區(qū),應(yīng)推廣節(jié)水灌溉,三類苗宜在返青期澆水,二類苗宜在起身期澆水,一類苗宜在拔節(jié)期澆水;采用滴灌時,噴灑水的均勻度應(yīng)>70%,以免影響灌溉質(zhì)量。追肥時,可采用低壓噴灌、微噴等節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù),水肥同施。
 
  (七)小麥聯(lián)合收獲與秸稈還田
 
  收獲總損失應(yīng)≤2%,含雜率≤3%,漏割率應(yīng)≤1%。為提高后茬玉米的播種質(zhì)量,小麥秸稈應(yīng)粉碎拋撒,割茬高度≤15cm、小麥秸稈切碎長度≤10cm、切斷長度合格率≥95%、拋撒不均勻率≤20%。
 
  (八)小麥烘干
 
  可選用連續(xù)式或循環(huán)式谷物烘干裝備,將小麥烘干至含水率≤13%。谷物在進機前應(yīng)進行篩選,去除雜物,以防堵塞烘干裝備。烘干溫度≤60℃,高水分小麥(含水率>25%)不宜用高溫干燥,熱風(fēng)溫度≤30℃;干燥種子時,應(yīng)采用較低的熱風(fēng)溫度。
 
  (九)玉米免耕播種
 
  小麥收獲后,應(yīng)盡快免耕播種夏玉米,播種密度根據(jù)地力、品種特性而定,一般耐密緊湊型玉米品種,每畝4000—5000株;大穗型玉米品種,每畝3500—4000株。玉米播種深度3—5cm,種肥同播。
 
  (十)玉米田間管理
 
  1.植保。為防止秸稈覆蓋免耕播種后引發(fā)的病蟲草害,播后苗前應(yīng)及時噴施高效除草藥劑進行土壤封閉處理;玉米3—5葉時視田間雜草密度采取措施,雜草密度較低時,可進行機械中耕除草;雜草密度較高時,宜開展化學(xué)除草;病蟲害防控或植株化學(xué)調(diào)控應(yīng)采用自走式高地隙噴桿噴霧機或植保無人駕駛航空器進行高效藥劑噴施,確保施藥效果。
 
  2.灌溉。玉米灌溉應(yīng)選擇節(jié)水灌溉方式,主要有固定式噴灌、卷管式噴灌和水肥一體化滴灌等。玉米生育期雨量充足,一般不需要灌溉;若遇大雨,應(yīng)及時排澇;若遇干旱,苗期每畝可適量灌水10—30m3,抽穗期灌水每畝40—60m3,花粒期灌水每畝20—40m3。
 
  (十一)玉米聯(lián)合收獲
 
  1.果穗收獲。摘穗收獲要求玉米籽粒含水率為25%—35%、總損失率≤5%、果穗含雜率≤1%、苞葉剝凈率≥85%。
 
  2.籽粒收獲。具備烘干、貯藏、加工或直銷能力的用戶,應(yīng)采用籽粒直接收獲方式。籽粒收獲一般晚于果穗收獲作業(yè)時間,在玉米生理成熟后2—4周,籽粒含水率15%—25%時進行作業(yè),確??倱p失率≤5%、籽粒破損率≤5%、籽粒含雜率≤3%。
 
  3.穗莖兼收。采用穗莖收獲機一次完成玉米摘穗、剝皮、集穗及莖稈切碎收集,要求總損失率≤5%、果穗含雜率≤1%、苞葉剝凈率≥85%、切斷長度合格率≥85%、秸稈收獲損失率≤10%、秸稈含雜率≤3%、割茬高度≤15cm。
 
  (十二)玉米烘干
 
  籽粒收獲后應(yīng)及時進行烘干處理,宜選用連續(xù)塔式烘干機。熱風(fēng)溫度100℃,玉米籽粒溫度不超過50℃。盡量在15h內(nèi)用烘干機將玉米籽粒水分降到16%以下,然后將籽粒送入帶有一定干燥功能的鋼板倉進一步干燥并儲存。
 
  四、機具配備參考方案
 
  經(jīng)營規(guī)模2000畝為例推薦機具配套方案:

 

      五、應(yīng)用提示
 
  本模式主要適用于黃淮海玉米—小麥周年連作地區(qū)。
 
  六、適宜區(qū)域
 
  本模式主要適用于活動積溫在2600℃以上、光照1800h—3000h,降雨量在350mm—1000mm的小麥、玉米種植區(qū)域,包括河北省、山東省、北京市、天津市、河南中北部、江蘇和安徽北部、山西中南部以及陜西關(guān)中等在內(nèi)的黃淮海麥玉兩熟區(qū)。
 
  七、典型案例
 
  山東省萊西市是山東省糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū),地處黃淮海麥玉兩熟區(qū),小麥種植面積約67萬畝、玉米約58萬畝。山東省青島市萊西市姜山鎮(zhèn)怡禾家庭農(nóng)場1670畝農(nóng)田,采用玉米秸稈全量還田保護性耕作技術(shù),取得了較好的經(jīng)濟社會效益。比傳統(tǒng)耕作可減少作業(yè)工序2—3道,降低作業(yè)成本20%以上;減少澆水次數(shù),降低農(nóng)業(yè)用水量;保護性耕作的田塊葉片衰老的晚,光合有效功能期延長,灌漿期延長,千粒重增加,利于產(chǎn)量的提高,小麥平均增產(chǎn)50kg/畝。整體可實現(xiàn)每畝可節(jié)支增收100元以上。
 
  玉米秸稈全量還田保護性耕作減少了秸稈焚燒、溫室氣體排放,提高了土壤理化指標和有機質(zhì)含量,增強了農(nóng)民科學(xué)種田的意識和環(huán)境保護意識。同時,促進了農(nóng)機具的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和優(yōu)化,提高了農(nóng)業(yè)裝備水平,促進了現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展和鄉(xiāng)村振興。
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