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農(nóng)機化技術(shù)推廣典型案例之發(fā)揮合作社帶動作用 加快農(nóng)民增收致富

2023-11-16 09:07:30 來源:訥河市農(nóng)機中心 閱讀量:20380 評論

導(dǎo)讀:隨著全面推動鄉(xiāng)村振興,加快農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展,對農(nóng)機化技術(shù)推廣的方式方法、服務(wù)內(nèi)容、服務(wù)水平等提出了新的更高要求。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機】隨著全面推動鄉(xiāng)村振興,加快農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展,對農(nóng)機化技術(shù)推廣的方式方法、服務(wù)內(nèi)容、服務(wù)水平等提出了新的更高要求。在農(nóng)機化技術(shù)推廣機構(gòu)隊伍建設(shè)、模式創(chuàng)新、成果落地和服務(wù)功能拓展等方面涌現(xiàn)出很多好做法、好經(jīng)驗。訥河市農(nóng)業(yè)機械化服務(wù)中心以訥河市偉平現(xiàn)代農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社的做法作為典型案例。用下文詳細訥河市偉平現(xiàn)代農(nóng)機專業(yè)介紹了合作社的基本情況、主要做法、取得的成效和總結(jié)的經(jīng)驗啟示。
 
  一、基本情況
 
  (一)工作背景
 
  當(dāng)前,“三農(nóng)”工作進入全面推進鄉(xiāng)村振興、加快農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化的新階段,對農(nóng)機化技術(shù)推廣的方式方法、服務(wù)內(nèi)容、服務(wù)水平等提出了新的更高要求。面對新形勢新任務(wù),全國農(nóng)機化技術(shù)推廣系統(tǒng)聚焦穩(wěn)糧保供和農(nóng)業(yè)機械化高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的要求,在農(nóng)機化技術(shù)推廣機構(gòu)隊伍建設(shè)、模式創(chuàng)新、成果落地和服務(wù)功能拓展等方面涌現(xiàn)出很多好做法、好經(jīng)驗。
 
  (二)總體思路
 
  為更好地宣傳典型,樹立示范帶頭作用,服務(wù)支撐農(nóng)業(yè)機械化轉(zhuǎn)型升級,有力推動農(nóng)業(yè)強國建設(shè),訥河市偉平現(xiàn)代農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社圍繞帶動農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,加快農(nóng)民增收致富步伐這一主線,采取靈活多樣的多元化發(fā)展模式,在實踐中收到了良好效果。
 
  (三)機構(gòu)基本情況
 
  訥河市偉平現(xiàn)代農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社位于黑龍江省訥河市九井鎮(zhèn)雙興村7隊,在偉平農(nóng)作物種植農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社基礎(chǔ)上,于2014年11月組建了的千萬農(nóng)機合作社,總投資1200萬元,占地面積12000平方米,其中場庫棚建筑面積2700平方米,日烘干量400噸烘干塔一座,擁有大型機械8臺/套,全社固定資產(chǎn)投資1100萬元,農(nóng)民入社戶數(shù)509戶,其中:貧困戶、低保戶113戶,入社土地面積11395畝,2021年免耕種植玉米、大豆1.58萬畝,代耕播種0.75萬畝,2022年免耕種植大玉米、大豆2.1萬畝,代耕播種0.72萬畝,同時,為其他農(nóng)戶提供優(yōu)于同等價格的種子、化肥、農(nóng)藥、糧食回收、銷售等服務(wù),實現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益雙豐收。
 
保護性耕作-免耕作業(yè)
 
  二、主要做法
 
  (一)堅持土地集中,向規(guī)?;б?br /> 
  隨著農(nóng)村市場化的發(fā)展,習(xí)慣于單打獨斗的農(nóng)民,在市場競爭中弱勢凸顯,普遍面臨生產(chǎn)投入成本居高不下,土壤耕作方式簡單落后,土壤板結(jié),抵御自然災(zāi)害能力不足,糧食單產(chǎn)呈下降趨勢,種植業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)單一,致使農(nóng)民增收困難。而合作社走的就是一條現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展之路,發(fā)展模式是土地集中連片,土地規(guī)?;?jīng)營,即“統(tǒng)一經(jīng)營,股份分紅”的運行模式,農(nóng)民不用投入生產(chǎn)成本,土地入股合作社統(tǒng)一經(jīng)營管理,秋季按股份分配利潤,這種模式一經(jīng)推出就產(chǎn)生了強大的吸引力,每年都有農(nóng)戶自愿加入,合作社土地規(guī)模經(jīng)營面積也逐年擴大。土地規(guī)?;?jīng)營,改造土地成大片面積的土地,合作社就可以實現(xiàn)大型農(nóng)業(yè)機械標準化作業(yè)和先進栽培技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,集約化生產(chǎn)管理模式,使糧食單產(chǎn)得到顯著提高,成員收入不斷增加。由于訥河主要農(nóng)作物是大豆,合作社使用土地規(guī)?;?jīng)營,就可以采用大壟種植模式,而農(nóng)業(yè)機械在大壟種植中發(fā)揮著重要作用,在種植之前,利用農(nóng)業(yè)機械,采用深松和深埋的方式起大壟,可以增強光照、通風(fēng)、抗旱能力,提高保苗率,增加抗倒伏、抗病能力。
 
  (二)利用集成農(nóng)機技術(shù),降低種地成本
 
  集成農(nóng)機技術(shù)是以機械化種植和收獲為主體技術(shù),配套機械化整地、培土、植保、殺秧、及殘膜回收技術(shù),實現(xiàn)農(nóng)藝農(nóng)機一體化,達到減少工序、提高生產(chǎn)效率的目的。每畝可節(jié)水20%、化肥使用量減少15%、農(nóng)藥使用量減少20%以上。大大減少了人力、物資。合作社全程使用科學(xué)化種植、機械化操作方式種地,促進了產(chǎn)量提升。合作社進行土地規(guī)?;?jīng)營,就需要統(tǒng)一購買大量的種子、化肥、農(nóng)藥等物資,合作社從降低農(nóng)用物資成本入手,采取直接從廠家訂購種子、化肥、農(nóng)藥等物資,減少中間銷售環(huán)節(jié),僅此一項10000畝耕地就可節(jié)約幾萬元成本,同時合作社購進的物資除滿足自身需求外,也可以以低于正常銷售的價格給合作社周邊的農(nóng)戶,為周邊農(nóng)戶提供了便宜且快捷的購買渠道,為周邊農(nóng)戶節(jié)約成本。
 
  (三)代管代收代耕和全程托管
 
  訥河市偉平現(xiàn)代農(nóng)機專業(yè)合作社與農(nóng)民簽訂合同,采用代管代收代耕和全程托管模式。代管代收代耕模式,就是合作社提供種子、化肥等生產(chǎn)資料,農(nóng)民只需提供土地,由合作社負責(zé)作物的種植、管理和收獲,并將收益與農(nóng)民按照約定進行分配。全程托管模式則更加強調(diào)合作社的專業(yè)化管理和技術(shù)支持,合作社方通過整合資源和專業(yè)技術(shù)手段,全程托管農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)過程,將收益分配給農(nóng)民。在這種模式下,農(nóng)民可以通過將土地流轉(zhuǎn)給資本方來獲取更高的收益,同時還可以規(guī)避經(jīng)營風(fēng)險和勞動成本,而合作社則可以通過專業(yè)化的管理和技術(shù)手段來提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率和品質(zhì)。
 
代耕
 
  (四)大力發(fā)展可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)和訂單農(nóng)業(yè)
 
  為實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,合作社堅持走種養(yǎng)結(jié)合的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展之路,堅決杜絕高毒、高殘留等農(nóng)藥的使用,增施有機肥,采取科學(xué)合理的土壤輪耕制度和作物輪作制度,優(yōu)化種植業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu),積極探索綠色有機模式。采取與大連北方糧食物流公司等企業(yè)訂單的方式,發(fā)展訂單農(nóng)業(yè)。由于土地規(guī)模經(jīng)營,機械化統(tǒng)一種植農(nóng)作物,產(chǎn)量大,根據(jù)企業(yè)需要,可以先和企業(yè)簽訂訂單后來決定種植哪種農(nóng)作物。由于先簽訂訂單,把農(nóng)作物統(tǒng)一銷售,合作社就可以利用自己的烘干塔等設(shè)備,把農(nóng)作物集中統(tǒng)一處理,免去了請其他廠家參與的成本。
 
  三、取得成效
 
  2018年農(nóng)民入社戶數(shù):509戶,其中:貧困戶、低保戶113戶,入社土地面積11395畝,2018年總收入1200萬元,純利潤455.8萬元。為周邊農(nóng)戶代購化肥200噸。使當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民增收100萬以上。同時,為附近農(nóng)戶免費深耕作業(yè)4000余畝。2019年合作社入社戶數(shù)達到550戶,其中貧困戶入社戶數(shù)達到130戶,入社耕地面積15000畝,提供代耕服務(wù)6000畝。2020年合作社入社戶數(shù)達到300戶,其中貧困戶入社戶數(shù)達到80戶,入社耕地面積8000畝,提供代耕服務(wù)12000畝。2021年合作社入社戶數(shù)達到240戶,其中貧困戶入社戶數(shù)達到72戶,入社耕地面積7150畝,提供代耕服務(wù)13000畝。
 
  近年來合作社的整體實力不斷增強,除滿足合作社自有耕地農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)需要之外,還開展了免耕播種代耕服務(wù),兩年共代耕免耕播種1.5萬畝,不僅自身得到了發(fā)展壯大,也解決了一些鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、村屯免耕機械力量不足播種作業(yè)進度緩慢的問題,為全市保護性耕作技術(shù)推廣做出來應(yīng)有的貢獻。
 
  四、經(jīng)驗啟示
 
  (一)以合作社為中心,推動土地規(guī)模經(jīng)營
 
  土地規(guī)模化經(jīng)營可以提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效益。土地適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營可以實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)資源的優(yōu)化配置和規(guī)模經(jīng)濟效應(yīng)的發(fā)揮,提高耕地利用率和生產(chǎn)效率,增加農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供給,促進農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化;土地規(guī)?;?jīng)營可以解決農(nóng)民土地流轉(zhuǎn)問題。土地適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營可以通過流轉(zhuǎn)、合作等方式解決農(nóng)民土地流轉(zhuǎn)難的問題,實現(xiàn)土地資源的優(yōu)化配置和高效利用;土地規(guī)?;?jīng)營可以增加農(nóng)民收入。土地適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營可以通過提高土地利用效率和經(jīng)濟效益,增加農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)收益,提高農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟收入,改善農(nóng)民的生活條件;土地規(guī)?;?jīng)營可以推進農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。土地適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營可以實現(xiàn)農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)的規(guī)?;?、集約化、專業(yè)化,促進農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級,帶動農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和社會進步。土地適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營具有重要的現(xiàn)實意義和戰(zhàn)略意義,是促進農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化、農(nóng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展和農(nóng)民增收致富的重要途徑。
 
  (二)發(fā)展現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)機,推動集成農(nóng)機技術(shù)
 
  (三)隨著農(nóng)機現(xiàn)代化的不斷發(fā)展,農(nóng)業(yè)機械越來越發(fā)達,集成農(nóng)機技術(shù)也越來越先進,現(xiàn)在集成農(nóng)機技術(shù)具有多功能性:農(nóng)業(yè)機械要滿足多種農(nóng)作物各個不同階段的需求。為了滿足農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的特別要求,許多新型農(nóng)業(yè)機械設(shè)備都集成了多種功能,現(xiàn)在集成農(nóng)機技術(shù)精度高:現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)機械能夠達到高精度、高效率,因為它們可以使用現(xiàn)代計算機控制系統(tǒng)和傳感器技術(shù)。這些技術(shù)可以讓農(nóng)業(yè)機械自動完成許多任務(wù),比如耕種、播種、灌溉、施肥等。這些高精度的技術(shù)有助于提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率,同時還有助于保護生態(tài)環(huán)境,現(xiàn)在集成農(nóng)機技術(shù)可靠性強:現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)機械有許多功能和操作模式,但它們被設(shè)計為可靠、可持續(xù)使用,以適應(yīng)長時間、重復(fù)的用途,現(xiàn)在集成農(nóng)機技術(shù)安全性好:新型農(nóng)業(yè)機械設(shè)備的設(shè)計考慮了安全因素,以保證操作員的安全。例如,一些企業(yè)正在開發(fā)可以自動避開人或障礙物的農(nóng)業(yè)機械。這有助于降低意外事故的發(fā)生率,提高生產(chǎn)效率。總之,隨著,現(xiàn)在集成農(nóng)機技術(shù)的發(fā)展,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的效率和質(zhì)量越來越高。農(nóng)業(yè)機械的集成農(nóng)機技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)不可或缺的一部分。未來,農(nóng)業(yè)集成農(nóng)機技術(shù)將不斷創(chuàng)新,推動農(nóng)業(yè)科技的進一步發(fā)展,并為人類的生產(chǎn)生活提供更好的服務(wù)。
 
全程托管-噴霧劑噴藥
 
  現(xiàn)代化大型農(nóng)機具有高效、快捷、精準等特點,可以有效地提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率,提高農(nóng)民的收益;現(xiàn)代化大型農(nóng)機可以通過科學(xué)的耕作方式,最大程度地減少對土地的損害,使得土壤得到有效保護、大型農(nóng)機的耕作寬度較大,可以大幅提升土地的利用效率;現(xiàn)代化大型農(nóng)機不僅能夠減輕農(nóng)民的體力勞動,還可以節(jié)約大量時間和成本,讓農(nóng)民更加輕松愉悅地完成農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)工作;現(xiàn)代化大型農(nóng)機在種植、收割、加工等過程中,可以大幅提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的品質(zhì)性能,保證農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的衛(wèi)生、質(zhì)量、安全等方面的要求。同時,大型農(nóng)機的種植方式更加規(guī)范、科學(xué),可以減少農(nóng)藥、化肥等化學(xué)品的使用,降低農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的殘留物含量,使產(chǎn)品更加健康、環(huán)保。而現(xiàn)代化大農(nóng)業(yè)是以更加先進的科學(xué)技術(shù)為生產(chǎn)手段、以更高水平農(nóng)機裝備為生產(chǎn)工具,具有更高技術(shù)密集度和更高綜合生產(chǎn)能力的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè),所以現(xiàn)代化大型農(nóng)業(yè)離不開現(xiàn)代化大型農(nóng)機的使用。加快現(xiàn)代化大農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展,就要加大大型農(nóng)業(yè)機械的科技創(chuàng)新力度,進一步提高大型農(nóng)業(yè)機械科技化水平。
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