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2024年中國農機大猜想之八：丘陵山區(qū)農機化有突破

2024-01-16 10:08:04 來源：總站信息處 作者：劉振營 閱讀量：11828 評論

導讀：我國超過三分之一的農業(yè)耕地在丘陵山區(qū)，這部分農業(yè)機械化能否實現，關系到我國農業(yè)現代化能否全面完成。本次，我們聊聊2024年我國丘陵山區(qū)農業(yè)機械化有突破。

　　【農機網 市場行情】我國超過三分之一的農業(yè)耕地在丘陵山區(qū)，這部分農業(yè)機械化能否實現，關系到我國農業(yè)現代化能否全面完成。本次，我們聊聊2024年我國丘陵山區(qū)農業(yè)機械化有突破。
 
　　1、我國丘陵山區(qū)農業(yè)機械化現狀
 
　　據統(tǒng)計，中國丘陵山區(qū)的耕地面積占全國的34.62%，播種面積占全國的34.20%，而丘陵山區(qū)耕種收綜合機械化水，比全國平均水平低約22個百分點，比非丘陵山區(qū)低近34個百分點。
 
　　從拖拉機、聯合收割機和花生收獲機等幾個農機產品的購機強度看，我國南方水田及丘陵山區(qū)占比較大的幾個省區(qū)，購機強度都是比較低的。例如，拖拉機購機強度是指每萬畝耕地拖拉機購買臺數，2020年和2022年購機強度比較低的省區(qū)主要有浙江、廣東、四川、云南、廣西、福建、重慶和貴州。
 
　　聯合收割機購機強度是指每萬畝稻麥播種面積購買聯合收割機臺數，2022年購機強度比較低的主要有四湖南、廣西、海南、重慶、貴州和云南等省區(qū)。
 
　　花生收獲機購機強度是指每萬畝花生播種機種花生收獲機的購買臺數，2022年購機強度比較低的有廣東、四川、廣西、江西、湖南和重慶等省區(qū)。
 
　　應該指出的是，購機強度是指某一年的情況，如果每年購機數量起伏比較大就失水準，嚴格意義上講，應該使用5年購機數量或者使用單位面積農機保有量更加準確。
 
　　2、從作業(yè)和推廣分析丘陵山區(qū)機械化落后的原因
 
　　南方水田和丘陵山區(qū)拖拉機購機強度低，主要是因為拖拉機作業(yè)項目單一，除旋耕作業(yè)外，幾乎沒有其他配套機具，也就沒有其他作業(yè)項目，使得拖拉機利用率很低，農民不愿意購買經常閑置的拖拉機。
 
　　聯合收割機購機強度低的地區(qū)，一般都是丘陵山區(qū)小地塊，大機型用不上，這幾年雖然小機型得到逐步推廣，但數量相對還是很少。
 
　　花生收獲機購機強度低的省區(qū)，主要是推廣力度不夠，一些省區(qū)沒有將花生收獲機列入補貼范圍所致。另外，有些省區(qū)拖拉機保有量低，也是造成花生收獲機推廣不利的主要因素。
 
　　3、從社會經濟分析丘陵山區(qū)機械化落后的原因
 
　　我國南方工商業(yè)經濟比較發(fā)達，農民外出打工的比較多，與各地相比，打工掙錢更多，造成很多農民寧可耕地拋荒，也要外出打工。長此以往，農業(yè)投入嚴重不足，拋荒地越來越多，造成農業(yè)機械化長期比較落后。
 
　　其次，雖然南方工商業(yè)比較發(fā)達，農業(yè)卻很落后，農民收入不高，購買力較低，農業(yè)機械投入不足，造成農業(yè)機械化水平較低。
 
　　第三，丘陵山區(qū)的年輕人都外出打工，剩下的993861部隊(指老人“99”、婦女“38”、兒童“61”等人員)操作農機比較困難，造成農業(yè)機械化比較落后。
 
　　第四，長期以來，丘陵山區(qū)沒有合適的農業(yè)機械也是一個問題。以拖拉機為例，目前的拖拉機產品不適合丘陵山區(qū)作業(yè)，山地型拖拉機比較少，農民購機沒有多少選擇的余地。
 
　　4、丘陵山區(qū)農機發(fā)展的條件正在改善
 
　　從近期情況看，丘陵山區(qū)農業(yè)機械化正在迎來發(fā)展機遇。
 
　　一是回鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)的人員逐漸增多。由于我國工商業(yè)正處于改造升級時期，進城打工的農民回鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)者不斷增多，這些在城里見過世面的打工人，回鄉(xiāng)創(chuàng)業(yè)成為促進農業(yè)機械化的關鍵的人才。
 
　　二是千萬工程將在2024年著重推進。前面的文章論述過，千萬工程對農業(yè)機械化的促進作用明顯，特別是對于丘陵山區(qū)，其果蔬茶煙藥麻等經濟作物品種比較多，這些特色農產品加工業(yè)將會得到提振，增加了農民收入，可為這些地區(qū)的農業(yè)機械化提供資金支持。
 
　　三是國家對“一大一小”農機加大支持力度。其中“一小”就是支持丘陵山區(qū)適用的小型農機。
 
　　四是山地拖拉機等適合丘陵山區(qū)作業(yè)的農機產品不斷增加，而且智能化水平不斷提高。農民購機有了更多選擇余地，而且智能化的“傻瓜型”農機使得男女老少都很容易操作使用。
 
　　綜上所述，2024年丘陵山區(qū)農機化，很有可能獲得突破性進展。
 
　　5、丘陵山區(qū)農機化發(fā)展建議
 
　　一是發(fā)展小型山地拖拉機。小型農機并不一定代表落后，同樣可以很先進。日本農業(yè)地區(qū)大多為丘陵山區(qū)，且以小農戶經營為主，在日本使用最多的是20-30馬力的拖拉機，很多已經實現了自動駕駛和智能化。因此，我國也應該開發(fā)更多的小型智能拖拉機，例如204、254和304型四輪驅動拖拉機，202、252、302履帶拖拉機，203、253、303前輪為履帶式的三輪拖拉機等產品，如果在這些機型后面加上“ET”字樣(電動型)，高度智能化就更加完美了。
 
　　二是從政策上就鼓勵丘陵山區(qū)適用農機具的研發(fā)推廣和應用。例如，對小型適用農機具，包括小型拖拉機、小型收割機等丘陵山區(qū)適用農機具，與平原地區(qū)實行差別化補貼管理，加大丘陵山區(qū)適用機型的補貼力度。
 
　　三是鼓勵引導企業(yè)研發(fā)丘陵山區(qū)適用農機新產品。例如，重心比較低的中小型(電動)拖拉機和(電動)聯合收割機，適合丘陵山區(qū)地形地貌的履帶(電動)拖拉機等。

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