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2024年棉花后期生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-08-29 09:35:53 來源:全國農(nóng)技中心 閱讀量:18032 評論

導(dǎo)讀:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部棉花專家指導(dǎo)組,根據(jù)不同棉花產(chǎn)區(qū)氣候條件和生產(chǎn)特點(diǎn),研究提出2024年棉花后期生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 為加強(qiáng)棉花后期田間管理,確保今年棉花豐產(chǎn)豐收,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部棉花專家指導(dǎo)組,根據(jù)不同棉花產(chǎn)區(qū)氣候條件和生產(chǎn)特點(diǎn),研究提出2024年棉花后期生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
  西北內(nèi)陸棉區(qū)
 
  西北內(nèi)陸棉區(qū)棉花前中期生育進(jìn)程明顯快于往年,伏前桃比例高,7月下旬大部分棉田棉花已紅花到頂,8月初部分棉田已見絮,為今年棉花豐產(chǎn)豐收打下良好基礎(chǔ)。后期重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)田間管理,提高收獲質(zhì)量。
 
  (一)加強(qiáng)后期肥水管理。后期棉田滴施水肥2—3次,畝施肥量30—40公斤。要適時停水,過早或過晚停水停肥會影響棉鈴發(fā)育和集中吐絮。北疆和甘肅8月下旬停水,南疆8月底至9月初停水,保證后期棉田土壤持水量在60%左右為宜,確保棉籽、棉纖維充分發(fā)育成熟,提高棉鈴重量,防止棉花早衰。
 
  二)做好病蟲害防控。后期重點(diǎn)防治棉鈴蟲、紅蜘蛛危害,宜采用綠色防控技術(shù),實(shí)行交替用藥,防止紅蜘蛛點(diǎn)片、擴(kuò)散發(fā)生和二代棉鈴蟲危害。
 
  (三)做好脫葉催熟。以“絮到不等時,時到不等絮”為原則,確定噴施脫葉催熟劑時間。一般在棉花吐絮率達(dá)到40%時,選擇清朗無風(fēng)、氣溫20℃以上的天氣,噴施脫葉催熟劑。吐絮慢的棉田,北疆8月底至9月初、南疆9月10—15日噴施脫葉催熟劑,保障脫葉率大于92%、吐絮率大于95%時進(jìn)行集中機(jī)采。
 
  (四)提高采收質(zhì)量。機(jī)采棉田采收前要清理棉田滴灌設(shè)備、雜草、殘膜等,采棉機(jī)需配置消防設(shè)施,嚴(yán)禁吸煙和明火照明。機(jī)械采收應(yīng)在中午12點(diǎn)以后進(jìn)行,保障棉花含水量小于12%,采凈率不低于93%。禁止夜采、露水采、噴水采等嚴(yán)重影響棉花質(zhì)量的機(jī)采行為。
 
  黃河流域棉區(qū)
 
  今年黃河流域棉區(qū)棉花普遍發(fā)育進(jìn)程偏早,伏前桃較多,大部分棉田棉株出現(xiàn)吐絮,中下部成鈴率高,上部秋桃成鈴率偏低。后期重點(diǎn)針對可能出現(xiàn)的澇災(zāi)、爛鈴、蟲害等,做好田間管理和收獲。
 
  (一)預(yù)防澇災(zāi)。如出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)降雨導(dǎo)致棉田積水,要及時抽水排澇,排澇后應(yīng)盡快扶正倒伏的棉株,推株并攏,促進(jìn)田間水分蒸發(fā)。
 
  (二)預(yù)防爛鈴。及時收獲下部吐絮棉花,防止后期降雨影響棉花品質(zhì)。如遇連陰雨天氣,進(jìn)行推株并壟,增加田間通風(fēng)透光,預(yù)防爛鈴發(fā)生。
 
  (三)防治蟲害。后期主要害蟲為棉盲蝽、白粉虱。可噴施氟啶蟲胺腈懸浮劑等防治棉盲蝽,連續(xù)用藥2次,間隔5—7天??蓢娛┼缦x嗪或烯啶蟲胺防治白粉虱。成方連片的棉田,要統(tǒng)一用藥時間,統(tǒng)一噴施,噴藥時要先打外圍,防止遷飛。
 
  ()催熟采收。手采棉田可于9月底10月初氣溫超過20℃時,噴施乙烯利水劑進(jìn)行催熟。使用白色棉布制品采收工具(棉帽、棉采收袋、棉裝花袋、棉繩扎口等),防止異性纖維混入棉花。采摘后直接入庫,減少晾曬環(huán)節(jié)的“三絲”污染。如采摘棉花含水量超過12%,要進(jìn)行晾曬。機(jī)采棉田可于9月下旬氣溫20℃以上時,噴施噻苯隆粉劑+乙烯利水劑進(jìn)行脫葉催熟,10月中下旬使用采棉機(jī)收獲。
 
  長江流域棉區(qū)
 
  8月中下旬長江流域持續(xù)高溫干旱,棉株中上部蕾鈴脫落較重,當(dāng)前棉田管理重點(diǎn)應(yīng)以灌水抗旱、保鈴增重、加強(qiáng)化控為主。
 
  (一)及時灌水補(bǔ)肥。地表出現(xiàn)龜裂的棉田,根椐條件可選用溝灌、噴灌或滴灌方式抗旱,溝灌時禁止水上廂面。適當(dāng)噴施磷酸二氫鉀和微量元素水溶肥等葉面肥,以促進(jìn)花蕾成鈴,減少脫落,提升葉面光合性能,增加鈴重。
 
  (二)加強(qiáng)化控。以確保棉株“壯而不旺、穩(wěn)健生長”為目標(biāo),科學(xué)做好化學(xué)調(diào)控。明顯旺長、蔭蔽過重、密度高的棉田,要及時施用甲哌鎓進(jìn)行化控,并適當(dāng)增加施用次數(shù)和用量,以改善棉田通風(fēng)透光條件,提高成鈴率,減少爛鈴。
 
  (三)加強(qiáng)病蟲害防治。后期主要害蟲包括棉盲蝽、棉鈴蟲、煙粉虱等。棉盲蝽一般早晚活動,防治時間宜在8:00前和18:00后,可選用甲氨基阿維菌素、馬拉硫磷等藥劑,由外向內(nèi)噴霧。防治棉鈴蟲可用有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥、氨基甲酸酯類農(nóng)藥,可輪換使用。煙粉虱可用聯(lián)苯菊酯進(jìn)行飛防。
 
  (四)催熟采收。手采棉田可于10月中旬連續(xù)3—5天日最高氣溫20℃以上時,噴施乙烯利水劑進(jìn)行催熟,注意棉株上下部要均勻著藥。催熟劑現(xiàn)配現(xiàn)用,噴藥后8小時如遇降雨,雨后應(yīng)及時補(bǔ)噴。不摘雨水花和露水花,不帶殼摘花。采摘時應(yīng)戴帽收花,用布袋裝、儲、運(yùn)棉花,嚴(yán)防“三絲”污染。機(jī)采棉田在自然吐絮率達(dá)到40%以上時,噴施噻苯隆粉劑+乙烯利水劑進(jìn)行脫葉催熟,15—20天后及時采收。
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