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聚焦博鰲,在發(fā)展中看農(nóng)機

2018-04-09 16:08:49 來源:中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 作者:四夕 閱讀量:44566 評論

導(dǎo)讀:清明前后,氣溫升高,我國大部分地區(qū)出現(xiàn)了大范圍降雨,有利于增加土壤儲水量,改善土壤墑情,春耕生產(chǎn)一片繁榮。截至4月8日,全國已播農(nóng)作物2.2億畝,完成意向的17%,進度快于上年同期。

  【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】 清明前后,氣溫升高,我國大部分地區(qū)出現(xiàn)了大范圍降雨,有利于增加土壤儲水量,改善土壤墑情,春耕生產(chǎn)一片繁榮。截至4月8日,全國已播農(nóng)作物2.2億畝,完成意向的17%,進度快于上年同期。
 
  春耕進展順利自然也離不開近年來農(nóng)機的推廣和使用,農(nóng)機操作不但大大提高了生產(chǎn)效率,而且從效果上來看,智能化的農(nóng)業(yè)機械有效提高了作業(yè)質(zhì)量。農(nóng)民們可以實時監(jiān)控播種機的準(zhǔn)確率,一旦播種出現(xiàn)問題就可以及時“止損”,停止播種。另外,農(nóng)業(yè)之所以需要智能化的農(nóng)機,還因為它們可以根據(jù)土地的松軟程度,自動調(diào)節(jié)播種動作,使種子可以播種在同一深度。
 
  4月8日至11日,博鰲亞洲論壇2018年年會在海南博鰲舉行,年會主題為“開放創(chuàng)新的亞洲,繁榮發(fā)展的世界”,議題分為四個板塊,即“化‘一帶一路’”、“開放的亞洲”、“創(chuàng)新”和“改革再出發(fā)”。既然說到創(chuàng)新發(fā)展,那我們就來看看發(fā)展中的農(nóng)機行業(yè)又是一個什么樣的狀況。
  

         回顧發(fā)展歷程
 
  1949年至1980年,提出了“農(nóng)業(yè)的根本出路在于機械化”這一論斷,有了機械化,農(nóng)業(yè)才能不斷擴大再生產(chǎn)。此外,還制定了明確的農(nóng)業(yè)機械化發(fā)展目標(biāo)和相應(yīng)的指導(dǎo)方針、政策。自此之后,我國的農(nóng)業(yè)機械化“白手起家”,不斷發(fā)展。
 
  1981至1995年,農(nóng)村開始實行家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制,國家對農(nóng)業(yè)機械化和農(nóng)機工業(yè)的直接投入逐漸減少,農(nóng)民逐步成為投資和經(jīng)營農(nóng)業(yè)機械的主體。農(nóng)機工業(yè)開始大規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,適合農(nóng)村小規(guī)模經(jīng)營的小型農(nóng)機具、農(nóng)用運輸車等應(yīng)運而生。
 
  1996至2003年,市場經(jīng)濟不斷發(fā)展,農(nóng)村青年勞動力開始大量外出務(wù)工尋找工作機會,農(nóng)村勞動力出現(xiàn)短缺,為提高農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率,農(nóng)業(yè)機械化跨區(qū)機收等農(nóng)機社會化服務(wù)開始現(xiàn)出端倪,聯(lián)合收割機異軍突起。
 
  2004至2014年,此階段被視為農(nóng)機行業(yè)的“黃金十年”,《農(nóng)業(yè)機械化促進法》公布實施,農(nóng)機購置補貼政策拉動農(nóng)機行業(yè)發(fā)展,國家的政策制度成為農(nóng)機發(fā)展不可或缺的推動力。
 
  發(fā)展中的探索
 
  誠然,從“白手起家”到小具規(guī)模并不是一件簡單的事情,尤其是我國因其復(fù)雜的地形地貌以及顯著的氣候差異,無法照搬美國等農(nóng)業(yè)高度機械化國家的發(fā)展模式,而要在發(fā)展中不斷探索,因地制宜。
 
  在東北,相對比較適宜大型農(nóng)機的操作;至于華北等多以平原為主的地區(qū),人均土地少,不同家庭的土地之間存在著田埂爭議等各方面矛盾,為大型農(nóng)機的使用帶來了不便;大型農(nóng)機使用為困難的是南方,南方地形更加復(fù)雜多樣,以山地、丘陵為主,更加適合走農(nóng)業(yè)精細化發(fā)展道路。人盡皆知,中國是一個地大物博的國家,除開復(fù)雜的地形地貌外,種植作物的不同也為我國農(nóng)機化發(fā)展帶來了挑戰(zhàn)。
 
  隨著我國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展越來越化,在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)及大數(shù)據(jù)的助推下,農(nóng)機在不同地區(qū)廣泛應(yīng)用,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)對農(nóng)機的依賴越來越明顯,對農(nóng)機作業(yè)要求也愈加精細,智能化自動化的農(nóng)機發(fā)展是大勢所趨。
 
  發(fā)展大談機器的同時,不忘人
 
  《韓非子》中的《弓與矢》說:“非弓,何以往矢?非矢,何以中的?”沒有弓,就不能把箭射出去,沒有箭就不能射中靶子。弓和箭兩者相輔相成,互相依賴。其實,機器和人之間也是。
 
  我們一貫強調(diào)機器創(chuàng)新,然而很少有人去提人也要“創(chuàng)新”。機器創(chuàng)新很好理解,顧名思義,就是不斷研究和開發(fā)應(yīng)用先進適用的農(nóng)業(yè)機械化技術(shù)和機具,不僅僅是農(nóng)機要因地制宜,同時農(nóng)機還要更加智能化和數(shù)字化。
 
  人的“創(chuàng)新”不可避免,機器的運用歸根究底還是要回到人身上來。農(nóng)機的制造研發(fā)人員需要不斷充實自身,才能從制造真正走向“智造”;農(nóng)機手需要不斷學(xué)習(xí),才能適應(yīng)更多更加新型的農(nóng)機;農(nóng)民們需要提高農(nóng)藝的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和規(guī)范化,反過來促進農(nóng)機的發(fā)展,使現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)業(yè)從機械化適應(yīng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閮烧呋ハ啻龠M。
 
  小結(jié)
 
  農(nóng)機行業(yè)的發(fā)展逐漸進入升級轉(zhuǎn)型的調(diào)整期,恰如博鰲論壇中談到的企業(yè)發(fā)展一樣,“多元化、兼并收購、做大規(guī)模,甚至躋身世界500強,一度是眾多中國企業(yè)和企業(yè)家的夢想和成功標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。”但是,做大規(guī)模往往是困難重重,不知道有多少企業(yè)在這個過程中“減肥”甚至是“死亡”。怎樣在做大規(guī)模的同時兼具效益,“長胖”的同時還要“長高”,在中國改革再出發(fā)的今天,作為經(jīng)濟微觀個體的中國企業(yè)需要重新思考和選擇自己的方向。農(nóng)機行業(yè)也需要更加理性發(fā)展,淘汰落后產(chǎn)能,增強市場競爭力。
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