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城市化與農(nóng)村發(fā)展是否矛盾?
2018-04-17
17:00:13
來源:農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 作者:四夕 閱讀量:50206
評論
導(dǎo)讀:一旦談及農(nóng)村農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展,我們必然會談到隨著城市化發(fā)展,農(nóng)村人口的大量流失導(dǎo)致的農(nóng)村“空心化”問題,勞動力銳減給農(nóng)村發(fā)展帶來的消極影響一目了然。那么,城市化與農(nóng)村發(fā)展真的存在矛盾嗎?
【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】一旦談及農(nóng)村農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展,我們必然會談到隨著城市化發(fā)展,農(nóng)村人口的大量流失導(dǎo)致的農(nóng)村“空心化”問題,勞動力銳減給農(nóng)村發(fā)展帶來的消極影響一目了然。那么,城市化與農(nóng)村發(fā)展真的存在矛盾嗎?
城市化與農(nóng)村發(fā)展存在矛盾
“50后”種不動地,“60后”種不好地,“70后”不愿種地,“80后”不會種地,“90后”不談種地已經(jīng)是當(dāng)前農(nóng)村的普遍現(xiàn)狀了,越來越多的農(nóng)村人口外出尋找工作機會,這是由多方面因素決定的。
長久以來人們的刻板印象總是覺得農(nóng)村是臟亂差的,農(nóng)民是貧瘠而粗糙的,農(nóng)業(yè)勞作是“面朝黃土背朝天”的。而隨著智能手機的使用、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的普及使得青壯年們更加不愿意留在農(nóng)村。近熱播的《北京女子圖鑒》中,“在北京,無論住在哪兒肯定沒有在自己家里住得舒服,但其實住哪兒不重要,重要的是出了這個門以外的世界,才是你必須要好好收拾的世界。”看,即便是壓力再大的“北上廣”,至少在外面看來總是光鮮亮麗的,而這顯然與“臟亂差”的農(nóng)村形成了鮮明對比。
另一方面來說,農(nóng)村人口接受教育程度越來越高,也就使得越來越多的人選擇去到城市發(fā)揮自己的作用。在傳統(tǒng)故事中,農(nóng)民子弟想要光宗耀祖就需要努力學(xué)習(xí)參加科舉,其實折射到現(xiàn)代,很多傳統(tǒng)家庭依然是存在著這個思想的。父母想要孩子好好學(xué)習(xí)而不是走他們的“老路”,甚至一些家庭會覺得孩子接受了教育以后還回來種地是一件可恥的事情,所以這也是80、90不會種地的原因之一。
農(nóng)業(yè)機械化大勢所趨
假如中國和美國同樣生產(chǎn)一頓的糧食,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)其實兩國的生產(chǎn)資料和地租很相近,成本差異主要集中在勞動力成本上。即便是我國的農(nóng)村勞動力用工成本很低,或許只有美國農(nóng)民的十分之一,但是因為對勞動力的需求過大,這就使得終每噸糧食的人力成本差異是數(shù)量級的。更不必談目前中國農(nóng)村“空心化”問題嚴(yán)重,勞動力缺失,“供不應(yīng)求”遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到所需求的勞動力數(shù)量。因此,農(nóng)業(yè)機械化是我國實現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略至關(guān)重要的一環(huán)。
談到農(nóng)業(yè)機械化,我們自然會想到中國地形地貌的差異性為機械化進(jìn)程帶來的消極作用。機械化難以推廣,差異巨大的地形地貌這個天然缺陷我們必須承認(rèn),然而,地形卻絕非主要原因。*,黑龍江是我國大規(guī)模機械化農(nóng)場,對比農(nóng)業(yè)人口較多的河北、河南、山東就能發(fā)現(xiàn),同樣是平原較多的省份,這三個省份的每畝用工數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)高于黑龍江。這從側(cè)面反應(yīng)了現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)并不需要那么多人,太多的農(nóng)業(yè)人口反而會使地權(quán)分散。人均“一畝三分地”,不同家庭的土地之間存在著田埂爭議等各方面矛盾,為大型農(nóng)機的使用帶來了不便,難以推廣大規(guī)模機械化或是其他現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。這個時候我們會發(fā)現(xiàn),想要發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)就必須發(fā)展城市。
城市化促進(jìn)農(nóng)村發(fā)展
雖然城市化的進(jìn)程為農(nóng)村發(fā)展帶來了一定的問題,但是同時也促進(jìn)了農(nóng)村及農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級。城市發(fā)展使得農(nóng)村勞動力流失的同時也將大量農(nóng)村勞動力城市化,大量的農(nóng)民變成工人,這有利于在農(nóng)村土地上鋪開機器,加速農(nóng)業(yè)機械化進(jìn)程。同時,我們不可否認(rèn),城市的發(fā)展,促進(jìn)科技的進(jìn)步,使得農(nóng)機的研發(fā)制造更加適應(yīng)我國國情。而分流農(nóng)村人口,加速城鎮(zhèn)化建設(shè),對促進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)一體化又有著重大作用。
當(dāng)前我國正處于傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)向現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型的關(guān)鍵時期,大量先進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)技術(shù)、率農(nóng)業(yè)設(shè)施裝備、現(xiàn)代化經(jīng)營管理理念越來越多被引入到農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的各個領(lǐng)域,事實上,與其說我們?nèi)鄙賯鹘y(tǒng)農(nóng)民不如說缺少高素質(zhì)的新型職業(yè)農(nóng)民,而職業(yè)農(nóng)民不僅僅需要有一定的專業(yè)技能,還需要懂經(jīng)營、善管理,而這些人才是城市化發(fā)展進(jìn)程中帶來的。
小結(jié)
城市化與農(nóng)村發(fā)展自然存在矛盾,但是這個矛盾或許并不如你想象的大。不要讓“一畝三分地”成為農(nóng)民脖子上的枷鎖,現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展并不需要那么多農(nóng)民。同時,自然也不可忽視這背后的利益及制度問題,城市化進(jìn)程突飛猛進(jìn)的現(xiàn)在,農(nóng)村也亟待發(fā)展,不要讓鄉(xiāng)村振興成為一句空話。
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