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加快土地流轉(zhuǎn)，盤活農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟

2019-09-06 16:47:52 來源：農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：37079 評論

導讀：土地流轉(zhuǎn)主要是指土地使用權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)，擁有土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)的農(nóng)戶將土地經(jīng)營權(quán)(使用權(quán))通過轉(zhuǎn)包、轉(zhuǎn)讓、入股、合作、租賃、互換等方式轉(zhuǎn)讓給其他農(nóng)戶或經(jīng)濟組織。在不改變家庭聯(lián)陳承包責任制的基礎(chǔ)上，把股份制引入土地制度建設(shè)，讓一部分農(nóng)民獲得股權(quán)后安心從事二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)；另一部分農(nóng)民可以擴大土地經(jīng)營規(guī)模，實現(xiàn)規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 政策導讀】土地流轉(zhuǎn)主要是指土地使用權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)，擁有土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)的農(nóng)戶將土地經(jīng)營權(quán)(使用權(quán))通過轉(zhuǎn)包、轉(zhuǎn)讓、入股、合作、租賃、互換等方式轉(zhuǎn)讓給其他農(nóng)戶或經(jīng)濟組織。在不改變家庭聯(lián)陳承包責任制的基礎(chǔ)上，把股份制引入土地制度建設(shè)，讓一部分農(nóng)民獲得股權(quán)后安心從事二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)；另一部分農(nóng)民可以擴大土地經(jīng)營規(guī)模，實現(xiàn)規(guī)?；a(chǎn)。
 
　　然而，農(nóng)村歷來便是講究“熟人辦事好說話”，熟人社會特色鮮明。在土地流轉(zhuǎn)過程中，只定下口頭協(xié)議的現(xiàn)象普遍存在，權(quán)責不明為之后可能產(chǎn)生的糾紛埋下隱患；而在實際操作過程中，很多地區(qū)土地流轉(zhuǎn)缺乏整體規(guī)劃布局，終以許多流轉(zhuǎn)大戶紛紛退租或分片轉(zhuǎn)租甚至撂荒告終；此外，流轉(zhuǎn)大戶與農(nóng)民之間的利益協(xié)調(diào)問題等也經(jīng)常引起糾紛。可以說，這項政策帶來的后果卻并不盡如人意。
 
　　那么，如果加快農(nóng)村土地流轉(zhuǎn)呢？近日，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部政策與改革司對政協(xié)委員關(guān)于加快農(nóng)村土地流轉(zhuǎn)的提案，經(jīng)商銀保監(jiān)會、財政部、人力資源社會保障部，做出了答復。
 
　　完善相關(guān)制度規(guī)定，推動流轉(zhuǎn)
 
　　國家一貫重視農(nóng)村土地流轉(zhuǎn)工作，出臺了《農(nóng)村土地承包法》和一系列制度規(guī)定。2014年，印發(fā)《關(guān)于引導農(nóng)村土地經(jīng)營權(quán)有序流轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營的意見》，對農(nóng)村土地經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)的指導思想、基本原則等提出了明確要求。2018年12月29日,第十三屆全國人大常委會審議通過了關(guān)于修改農(nóng)村土地承包法的決定。
 
　　下一步，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部將著力貫徹落實中央要求和農(nóng)村土地承包法，加強農(nóng)村土地經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)規(guī)范管理和服務，進一步完善“三權(quán)”分置制度政策體系。修訂完善農(nóng)村土地承包法配套規(guī)章，研究制定全國土地流轉(zhuǎn)合同示范文本。指導各地農(nóng)村土地流轉(zhuǎn)市場規(guī)范運行，建立健全工商企業(yè)等社會資本通過流轉(zhuǎn)取得土地經(jīng)營權(quán)的資格審查、項目審核和風險防范制度，確保土地流轉(zhuǎn)規(guī)范有序進行。
 
　　充分發(fā)揮農(nóng)戶的主體地位，主動流轉(zhuǎn)
 
　　近年來，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部結(jié)合普法教育，采取多種方式宣傳農(nóng)村土地承包和流轉(zhuǎn)的法律政策。農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部每年舉辦5期全國農(nóng)村土地承包法律政策培訓班，培訓省級骨干，推動各地宣傳貫徹農(nóng)村土地承包法律政策；組織開展法律政策咨詢服務，在鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、集市擺攤試點，現(xiàn)場宣講，開辟“行風熱線”，定期在廣播電臺、電視臺、報刊等媒體為農(nóng)民答疑解惑，宣傳法律政策。通過培訓宣傳，使農(nóng)民充分認識到土地流轉(zhuǎn)的主體是農(nóng)戶，土地經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)必須建立在農(nóng)戶自愿的基礎(chǔ)上。
 
　　培育土地經(jīng)營主體，促進流轉(zhuǎn)
 
　　近年來，新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營主體快速發(fā)展，已經(jīng)成為推動傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)改造、現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要力量。目前，家庭農(nóng)場、農(nóng)民合作社、農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化等新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營主體總數(shù)超過300萬家。
 
　　2017年，《關(guān)于加快構(gòu)建政策體系培育新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營主體的意見》，從財政稅收、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)、金融信貸服務、保險支持、營銷市場、人才培養(yǎng)引進等方面建立健全支持新型農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營主體發(fā)展的政策體系；2018年中央財政用于扶持家庭農(nóng)場、農(nóng)民合作社的資金分別達到5億元和14億元；截至2019年一季度末，涉農(nóng)貸款余額為33.71萬億，普惠型涉農(nóng)貸款余額為5.87萬億。
 
　　建立和健全土地流轉(zhuǎn)中介組織和市場，服務流轉(zhuǎn)
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部于2016年出臺了《農(nóng)村土地經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)交易市場運行規(guī)范(試行)》，明確了在流轉(zhuǎn)交易市場進行交易的相關(guān)規(guī)程。目前，已有21個省份出臺農(nóng)村產(chǎn)權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)交易市場建設(shè)的指導性文件。全國有1200多個縣(市、區(qū))、18000多個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)建立了農(nóng)村土地經(jīng)營權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)服務中心，還有一些村也設(shè)立了交易服務點，為流轉(zhuǎn)雙方提供信息發(fā)布、價格指導、政策咨詢等服務。
 
　　完善工作機制，保障流轉(zhuǎn)
 
　　健全土地流轉(zhuǎn)激勵機制。從2017年起，中央財政上述轉(zhuǎn)移支付實行“大專項+任務清單”管理方式，資金采取因素法分配切塊下達地方，同時將任務清單區(qū)分為約束性任務和指導性任務。
 
　　建立健全相應的社會保障機制。高度重視城鄉(xiāng)居民養(yǎng)老保險工作，全國所有省份都在中央確定的低標準之上提高了基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)老金標準，正式啟動了城鄉(xiāng)居民養(yǎng)老保險基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)老金正常調(diào)整機制。
 
　　建立有效的勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移機制。促進農(nóng)村勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)，實施農(nóng)民工職業(yè)技能培訓綜合計劃，提升農(nóng)民工職業(yè)技能；發(fā)展壯大縣域經(jīng)濟，引導產(chǎn)業(yè)有序梯度轉(zhuǎn)移；加快農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移人口市民化，促進有能力在城鎮(zhèn)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)和生活的農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移人口舉家進城落戶，推進城鎮(zhèn)基本公共服務常住人口全覆蓋。
 
　　建立多部門聯(lián)動糾紛調(diào)處機制。2009年制定出臺的《農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營糾紛調(diào)解仲裁法》規(guī)定，發(fā)生農(nóng)村土地承包經(jīng)營糾紛的，當事人可以自行和解，也可以請求村民委員會、鄉(xiāng)(鎮(zhèn))人民政府等調(diào)解；當事人和解、調(diào)解不成或者不愿和解、調(diào)解的，可以向農(nóng)村土地承包仲裁委員會申請仲裁，也可以直接向人民法院起訴。
 
　　本文由農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布，部分資料來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部，如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。

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